The Legal And Social Implications Of Prostitution

The legal and social implications of prostitution have been a topic of much concern over the past few decades. Although the issue has been heavily debated, a proper answer to its legalization or criminalization has not yet been defined in many countries throughout the world. While some view that â€Å"sex work† is a justifiable occupation that should be protected under human rights, others argue that it’s legalization would do more harm than good. According to the Health and Human Rights Journal (2014), the Russian Federation has little justification for its criminalization of sex work, and the vulnerability of sex worker’s demand for their protection under Human Rights. Although, both New York Times articles agree with the model for criminalizing the purchasing of â€Å"sex services† rather than the selling, Thrupkaew focuses on the need to provide basic social services for sex workers first (Thrupkaew 2012), while Flanagin argues to ensure that women and young girls do not become victims of this criminalization. Throughout the Health and Human Rights Journal, the author develops a premise against the Russian Federations criminalization of prostitution, more commonly referred to as sex work. It is crucially noted for full understanding that sex workers are â€Å"female, male and transgender adults and young people who receive money or goods in exchange for sexual services† (Arps and Golichenko 2014). Arps and Golichenko declare that the vulnerable condition and discrimination of sexShow MoreRelatedCan People Attitudes On The Legal Status Of Prostitution Be Shaped By Media Representation?1484 Words   |  6 Pagesthe legal status of prostitution be shaped by media representation?’. The hypothesis to question is posited as ‘an individual with less knowledge on the subject (i.e. prostitution and its legality issues) is probably influenced by media on his or her attitude towards prostitution’. This research intends to adopt an experimental design employing an ideal research method to measure individual attitude change in regards to the effects imposed by media on considering prostitution as a legal or formalRead MoreProstitution : Prostitution And Prostitution1169 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is illegal in the United States, except for some counties in Nevada. However, prostitution is in most part of the United States, despite the fact that it has been legalized. Prostitution is an act whereby, one sells his/her body for sex. In the United States, Prostitution is divided into three broad categories; street, escort, and brothel prostitution. Brothel prostitution takes place in brothel houses, which are houses where prostitutes can sell sexual services. This kind of prostitutionRead MoreWhy The Agent Is Fully Self Owning Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pagesright to act how they want with their body. Libertarians hold the view that prostitution is an activity between two consenting adults, which should not be touched by the government or even an organized religion because they consider it to be a â€Å"victimless crime†. They also they believe that it should not be subject to regulation, even if the act does not involve love or even if it involves the exchange of money. Prostitution is done with consent, which signifies that it is a expressions of oneselfRead MoreThe Legal Status Of Prostitution1460 Words   |  6 Pagesthis research, a hypothesis of answer for this research question ‘Can people attitudes on the legal status of prostitution be shaped by media representation?’ will be allocated. The hypothesis position to this question is posited as ‘an individual with less knowledge on the subject (i.e. prostitution and its legality issues) is more probable to affect by media on his or her attitude towards prostitution’. This research intends to adopt an experimental design because it deemed as an ideal researchRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Prostitution1225 Words   |  5 Pages Prostitution is considered to be the oldest profession. Prostitution can take many forms, from streetwalkers and brothels, to sophisticated call-girl or escort services. However, in United States it is a crime to offer sexual acts in exchange for money. The laws regarding prostitution differ everywhere around the world. In some places, especially the United States, soliciting a prostitute is grounds for punishment and even criminalization (Prostitution). Many prostitutes are criminalized becauseRead MoreProstitution Is A Single Right Definition For Prostitution1167 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is something that has and always will be existent. It’s legal in many parts of the world and it has always been debated whether or not it should be legalized here in the US. There are many aspects to look when determining whether it is the right or wrong thing to legalize prostitution. But first we have define what exactly is prostitution. There’s not a single right definit ion for prostitution. We could look at the dictionary definition that’s the transfer of money for sexual activityRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthat prostitution will exist no matter what because men will always degrade women, and women, in turn, can do the same to men, even though these moral aspects are not connected with the legalization process, mostly depending on moral qualities of the society members, and not on a position on prostitution. Thus, the essay will try to prove why prostitution should not be legal with the help of analysis of the articles of the well-known scientists. While feminist theory represents prostitution as aRead MoreRegulation of Oldest Profession Essay1243 Words   |  5 PagesPornography and Prostitution have much in common, both include compensated consenting adults engaging in sexual activity; however, pornography is legal, and prostitution is not. Webster’s dictionary defines prostitution as â€Å"the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations especially for money†. Although pornography is somehow widely accepted, it is essentially the same concept as prostitution, both involving consenting adults paid to perform sexual acts. While prostitution is controversialRead MoreLegal Dilemma Of Prostitution1565 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution: A Legal Dilemma Prostitution is considered to be the oldest profession. Prostitution can take many forms, from streetwalkers and brothels, to sophisticated call-girl or escort services. The laws regarding prostitution differ everywhere around the world. In some places around the world, soliciting a prostitute is grounds for punishment and even criminalization (Prostitution). Many prostitutes are criminalized because of their work. Therefore, they are usually victims of many crimesRead MoreProstitution, Prostitution And The Commercialization Of Sexual Services1467 Words   |  6 PagesPrior to the decision in Canada (Attorney General) v. Bedford, prostitution and the commercialization of sexual services was not illegal; however there were three legislative barriers surrounding prostitution-related acts that implicated sex workers of criminal offences, thus the decision to work safe or risk arrest made their line of work difficult (Durisin, Love , van der Meulen, 2013). Due to public demand and th e need to clean street prostitutes, the criminalization of prostitute related activities

Marketing Term Paper Free Essays

Executive Summary Tablet PC has been advertised as the wave of the future for reading, gaming, and media consumption for quite some time now. However, the idea of Tablet PC has not been as popular or widely accepted in our country because of the sky-scraping price. Our company, Zeus Technologynology is preparing to commence a new, innovative and cost-effective line of tablet computers. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Term Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now Our product will propose a competitively exclusive amalgamation of next generation features with reasonable price bar. We are targeting specific yet mass segments in the consumer market. In addition, we are planning to take advantage of the ever increasing demand for low-priced Tablet PC. A wide range of tablet computers are available from major CE manufacturers like Apple, Samsung, Acer, Sony and Blackberry. But because of high price range, products these companies offer are not easy to buy for the general people and students of Bangladesh. Hence, our preliminary objective is to provide sustainable, advanced and reasonably priced Tablet PC to the general public. Our basic aim is to attain first year BD sales of 35,000 units. We will importing our PC from China’s renowned Tablet PC maker and will be selling those in our local market. We will offer exclusive one year warranty and two years after sales services with our product. Considering the fragile economical condition of Bangladesh, our main marketing objective is to make students, middle class family and business as our valued customers. In conclusion, we want to state that we are planning to bring about a revolution in Bangladeshi people by launching our product. Current Market Situation Zeus Technologynologies established 3 months ago by six enthusiastic entrepreneurs with experience in the technology sector. It is about to cross the threshold by introducing the new series of Tablet PC. Aforementioned, that tablet computers are designed and marketed primarily as a platform for audio-visual media including books, periodicals, movies, music, games, apps and web content. Its size and weight fall between those of contemporary smart phones and laptop computers. This is very constructive and handy electronics device for students, job holders and businessman. A wide range of tablet computers are available from major CE manufacturers like Apple, Samsung, Acer, Sony and Blackberry. In our country however because of high price range of Tablet PC it is quite impossible to integrate this helpful device with our day to day life. Thus, our products main feature includes an affordable price range for everyone. As our rivals offered price is missing the affordability, it will be trouble-free for us to penetrate the market. However, there is an obstacle. As we all know that Chinese products are notorious for their short term durability. To overcome this situation we are offering a stable warranty with our each product which symbolizes the stability of our product. Though competition among the tab makers is not that intense because of lack of interest of buyers, it is quite hard to penetrate into the small business market of Tablet PC. In contrast to this, as we mentioned before that those Tablet PCs are high in price. Hence, there is a high probability that people will widely accept our products as they are low in price. Market Description Business Pundits has predicted that the next era will be the epoch of Tablet PC. Considering this fact, Zeus Technologynologies targeting various kinds of consumer to utilize our product. We like to provide our consumer an interactive experience of communication, information storage and exchange, and entertainments in one go. We specified our targeted consumers and segmented them. This segment includes Students, Professionals, Teachers, Entrepreneurs and Corporate users. Our buyers can pick between three models based different configuration. In our very first we are offering three types of Z-Tabs (name of our product). They are Z-Tab Enovice, Z-Tab Civic and Z-Tab Prime. Z-Tab Enovice is a Basic type of Z-Tab. It is specially designed and priced for the students. Z-Tab Civic is our economy package for mediocre class people of Bangladesh. And last but not least, Z-Tab Prime is our premium product which is specially designed for the corporate user. All of these tabs are consists of android operating system which allows user to navigate the vivid world of information and technology. We are charging all of our products at minimum level. Segment Needs and Corresponding Features/Benefits of Z-Tab Targeted Segment – Student Customer Need- Perform many function in this multitasking device without carrying various gadgets. †¢ Use Z-Tab as storage device. In other words , use it as a component of education instead of paper and pens. †¢ Use Z-Tab for source for entertainment, information and communication. †¢ Reading device to read an E book. Z-Tab Enonvice Features- †¢ It’s reasonably prized for students. It has a flash storag e facility up to 32 GB. †¢ Portable and compatible with numerous apps and programs. †¢ Convey an aesthetic and trendy look. Targeted Segment- Teachers, Home Users and Professionals Customer Need- Using an effective teaching aid in the class. †¢ Use Z-Tab as a source entertainment. †¢ Use Z-Tab as a Organizer and Personal digital assistant †¢ Use Z-Tab as a storage device to conserve music , family photos etc. Z-Tab Civic Features- †¢ Hands free, wireless access to calendar, address book, contact information and appointments and data. †¢ Removable memory, wireless information recoding reduces paper work and increases productivity. †¢ Built in 2 megapixels camera allows fast and easy photography, stores images for later use. Targeted Segment- Corporate User Customer Need- †¢ Need for portability and mobility. Obtain driving direction for business meetings. †¢ Use Z-Tab as a personal digital diary of appointments and contacts. †¢ U se it for documenting any kind of office work. Z-Tab Prime Features- †¢ Includes customizable corporate task oriented applications. †¢ Built-in GPS system. †¢ High and upgraded configuration than our other offers. Product Preview Our products are categorized into three criteria: â€Å"Z-Tab Enovice† We will offer Enovice basically for the students with optimum required option for educational purpose. We will set a price of 9,800 Taka for this criterion. CPU: Core I 3 Processor RAM: 512 DDR RAM AGP: Built-in Graphics Card 128 MB Operating System: Google Android 2. 1 LCD Size: 7†³ TFT LCD Resolution: 800Ãâ€"480 Touch Screen Full Size, High Sensitive Touch Operation System Memory: 256MB Memory Type: NAND Flash Capacity: 32GB Camera: 1. 3Megapixel Audio: Output Device Built-in Stereo speakers, Input Device Built-in Microphone Communication: LAN External Fast 10/100 Mbps Ethernet Adapters WLAN Built-in 802. 11b/g WLAN Card Supplemental Drive: Card Reader TF/MMC Card slot X 1 I/O Port: USB USB2. 0 X 2 Audio Port Headphone X 1 AC Adaptor: AC Power Adaptor 100V Input, 9V DC Output, 2A Battery: Battery Pack 2400 mAH Batteries Physical Spec: Dimension 19. 9*12. 8*0. 8-1. 4cm Weight 0. 37KG Other: G Sensor Color: Black Software: Fring, QQ, MSN, Youtube, Google Map, Document to go, Multimedia Player, Email, Es File Explore, Application Store Accessory: AC Adapter, User Manual, External RJ45/USB Pot, and Packing Box â€Å"Z-Tab Civic† Z-Tab Civic will be offered with common features for various multimedia operations and entertainment purpose. The market price for this criterion will be 14,900 Taka. Z-Tab Civic is an tablet that runs on Android 2. 3 operating system. It comes with a 10-inch capacitive touch screen with a resolution of 800Ãâ€"480 pixels to provide a fantastic multimedia and internet experience. Z Slash is powered by CoreI 3 Processor with 1GB RAM, Graphics Card 512 MB . It also comes with a microSD slot that supports from 2GB to 32GB and a Wi-Fi 802. 11b / g   connectivity,USB ports. The Z slash is the perfect companion for an easy network life. CPU:Core I 3 Processor 1 GHz Operation System:  Android 2. 3 RAM: DDRII 512MB Extend Card:  Support TF card up to 32GB WIFI: 802. 11 b/g/n 2G: Built-in 2G GPRS / GSM Bluetooth: Yes GPS: Built-in IGO FM: Yes Mobile TV: Yes Camera: Yes, built-in front and back camera,support flash light Microphone: Yes Outer Speaker: Yes Gravity Sensor : Yes Music: MP3,WMA,WAV, APE, FLAC, ACC, OGG Video: MKV, AVI, WMV, RMVB,TS, TP, M2TS, RM, MPEG, VOB, MOV, MP4, 3GP,etc. Image: JPG,   GIF, BMP, PNG E book: TXT, LRC, PDF, EPUB, FB2 Applications: Internet Explorer, Media Player, Photo viewer,   Word, Excel, Powerpoint, Acrobat Reader,   MSN,   QQ Extend Port: 1 x OTG port 1 x SIM car socket   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 x TF card port   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 x 3. 5mm earphone port     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1 x DC charger socket Battery: Build-in Shell Material: Plastic Screen Size: 10 Inch Type: Capacitive Screen Resolution: 800 x 480 Product Size:   Ã‚  Ã‚   192 x 123 x 13mm Product Weight: 368g Package Weight: 0. 85kg â€Å"Z-Tab Prime† We will offer Z-Tab Prime Executive mostly for the business individuals and professionals with advanced options and features. We will set 19,990 Taka for it. Screen Type: 10 inches 4:3 five-point capacitive touch screen Resolution- 11024Ãâ€"768 full visual capacitive screen,1080 high definition CPU: Core I 3 Frequency: 1. 2GHz Operating System: Android 2. 3 (support for the Android Market and Flash10. 1, support for video calls) Memory: DDR 512M HDD 8GB Expansion: Support the expansion of TF card, maximum support 32GB Wifi support for 802. 11b / g wireless protocol 3G Support: External USB 3G card online Bluetooth: Bluetooth transfers data Video Camera: Support 1080P HD video Camera 300,000 pixels front rear 2 million pixels Microphone: Built-in microphone Loud speaker function support Gravity Sensor: Support for a variety of 3D and gravity sensing Sound: Dual-channel High Definition Audio Audio: MP3, WMA, MP2, OGG, AAC, FLAC, APE, 3GP, WAV etc. Video: MKV (H. 264 HP), AVI, RM / RMVB, FLV, MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MP4, MOV, FLV, 3GP, etc. Image: JPG, BMP, PNG, GIF, TIFF, etc. E book: WORD, EXCEL, PPT, PDF, TXT, CHM, HTML, etc. Other Features: Built-in Microphone, Android Market, Alarm Clock, Calendar, Camera,Gmail, MP3/MP4 Player, WORD, EXCEL, PDF, POWERPOINT, etc. Interface: A standard USB 2. 0,1 a 3. 5mm headphone jack, a MINI HDMI output, an OTG jack, 1 DC Charging hole, a TF card slot, a SIM card slot, 1 Rj45 Port / Adapter Battery: 7. 4V/3000mAh Material: Zinc alloy shell craft, ML Surface treatment; Weight: 780g (Internal Battery) Full weight 1. 28KG Dimensions: 238mm? 183mm? 11(mm) Package size: 30. 8cm? 28cm? 5. 5cm Competitive Review: The well-known brands like Nokia, Samsung, HP, iPad, OLPC, Android, Blackberry etc has increased the competitive pressure with their superior product values. They are offering latest and the best Tablet PCs in the market. Co-ordination of their alluring product features, marketing policy and brand reputation is very convincing and admissible. Our major competitors in the market will be the followings. Nokia: Nokia entered the tablet space with the Nokia 770 running Maemo, a Debian-based Linux distribution custom-made for their Internet tablet line. The product line continued with the N900, which is the first to add phone capabilities. The user interface and application framework layer, named Hildon, was an early instance of a software platform for generic computing in a tablet device intended for Internet consumption. But Nokia didn’t commit to it as their only platform for their future mobile devices and the project competed against other in-house platforms. Market price of Nokia 770 is 29,400 Taka and N900 is 39,500 Taka. BlackBerry: The â€Å"BlackBerry PlayBook† is a tablet computer announced in September 2010 that runs the BlackBerry Tablet OS. Market price of three packages of BlackBerry PlayBook are respectively 16GB 39,000 Taka, 32GB 46,000Taka, 64GB 68,000 Taka. Android: Android 3. 0 (Honeycomb) are optimized specifically for devices with larger screen size, mainly tablet, and have access to the Google Play service. Android is the software stack for mobile devices that includes operating system, middleware and key applications. Android 3. 2. 1 Honeycomb is the complete Tablet PC version that has market price of 31,100 Taka. Apple iPad: Apple’s iPad 2 is a tablet computer with updated and attractive features. Market price of iPad 2 is 62,000 Taka. Samsung: Samsung Galaxy has some models that are functionally very similar to tablet computers. â€Å"Samsung Galaxy Tab 10. † and â€Å"Samsung Galaxy Tab 7. 0 Plus† exists Tablet PC in the markets of Bangladesh. Price rate of them are respectively 60,300Taka and 45,500 Taka. We can assess that; the Tablet PCs offered in the market by above companies have high price rates, which are hardly affordable for people in general in our country. So lower price will be our competitive a dvantage. Channels and Logistics Review Logistics and supply chain management is the lifeblood of any kind of distribution. As the role of distribution is constantly evolving, managing inventory and the logistics engine can determine success from failure. To distribute Zeus Technologynology’s product Z-Tab we will be incorporate a network or web of retailers on all over the country. One of the keys to success in distribution is to have better visibility of customer demand. So keeping this fact in mind we will set up a contact with various kinds of channel partner. Among them most significant ones will be enlisted below: †¢ Computer Stores – Independent computer retailers like Computer Source, Computer Village will exhibit and sell our product in major cities. †¢ Cyber Cafes and Book libraries- We will be launching and selling our product in cyber cafes and book stores in all over the countries. This will enable us to reach more people in different suburbia and locality. †¢ Grameen Phone Retailers- Retailers who have contract with GP, will also sell our product in village area. To execute this plan we will make a contract with Telenor Bangladesh. †¢ Online Stores- Z-Tab will also available in online . Anyone can buy their preferable product from our website. †¢ In the beginning, our channel strategy will emphasis on the Mega cities, according to the demand, we will spread our Z-Tab into every district of the Bangladesh. Sample of competitive product and pricing: |Competitor |Model Price (Taka) | |Nokia |Nokia770 |29,400 | | |N900 |39,500 | |BlackBerry |BlackBerry PlayBook | | | |16GB |39,000 | | |32GB |46,000 | | |64GB |68,000 | |Android |Android 3. 2. Honeycomb |31,100 | |Apple iPad |iPad 2 |62,000 | |Samsung |Galaxy Tab 10. 1 |60,300 | | |Galaxy Tab 7. 0 Plus |45,000 | Strengths, Weaknesses, Threat and Opportunities Strengths Our product has some strong opti ons: 1. Product strengths: Tablet PC is a very innovative product in recent IT markets. So we already have some product related strengths along with our brand’s unique option- lower price. Easy portability: Usage in environments not conducive to a keyboard and mouse, such as lying in bed, standing, or handling with a single hand. Lighter weight, lower power models can function similarly to dedicated E-book readers like the Amazon Kindle. Easy navigation: Touch environment makes navigation easier than conventional use of keyboard and mouse or touch pad in certain contexts such as image manipulation, musical or mouse-oriented games. One can use a stylus, pen or finger to point and tap on objects, which are not directly connected to the pointer on screen. Accuracy in painting and image editing: Digital painting and image editing are more precise and intuitive than painting or sketching with a mouse. Easy functional operating system: The ability for easier or faster entry of diagrams, mathematical notations and symbols. Sustained battery life: Our tablet computers have longer battery life than laptops or net books like other typical tablet computers. 2. Guarantee and after sale services: Our product has a one-year guarantee; in addition we will provide our customers a one-year free service after product sale. 3. Lower Price: Our main target is to promote Tablet PCs in every corner of Bangladesh. Due to traditional low income of general people here, we will bring Tablet PCs with minimum requirement and set a lower price for them comparing to other brands existing in the market. Weaknesses The weaknesses of our product are: 1. Product Weaknesses: Tablet PC itself has some weaknesses which may cause difficulties to compete with other relative products like laptops, notebooks etc. Physical discomfort: The user may face discomfort while using this product, as it does not provide room for a wrist rest. In addition, the user will need to move his or her arm constantly while writing. Weaker graphics capabilities: Usually tablet computers are equipped with embedded graphics processors instead of discrete graphics cards. Besides, our tablet computers have weaker graphics quality than other tablet computers existing in market. Screen risk: Since the screen will serve as input device, it will run a higher risk of screen damage from impacts and misuse. 2. Lack of brand recognition: Our brand is a completely new brand, while there are a good number of other brands with same products having strong brand recognition. So we have to approach with massive advertisement and promotion. Opportunities We can take advantage of some market opportunities- 1. Increasing demand for easily portable computers: We see that the demand for easily portable and multi-functional devices, such as mobile phones, laptops and notebooks is increasing rapidly. Due to technological advancement customers are looking for more flexible products with unique options. Nokia, iPad, Blackberry, Android, OLPC, HP and several other companies have already entered the market with tablet computer concept. But due to high price general people are not being able to buy this kind of computers. So we can take this opportunity to build up a profitable market in Bangladesh with our comparatively lower market price. 2. Low-cost technology: We have a big opportunity of technological advancement, where we are getting latest and better technologies in a very cheap rate. So we can include least foremost features at a reasonable price that will enable us to earn good profit. Threats Main threats for our new product are: 1. Increased competition: We already mentioned that many other strong brands are entering the market with Tablet PC concept. Yet we hope that we will be in the running because of our significant low price comparing with those brands. 2. Duplicate Chinese products: China is potentially expert in manufacturing low-quality duplicate products and attracts customers with a very minimum price rate. So these duplicate Chinese Tablet PCs will be a big threat for us. Objectives and Issues Our objectives and issues are very precise and compact. Objectives: As a new brand we have set medium achievable objectives for the first and second years of entering the market. First year objectives: In first year our target will be a sales volume of 35000. Second year objective: In second year our target will be a sales volume of 60,000 and break even lately in this period. Issues: In order to launch product our main issue will be the competence to establish our new brand name. We will invest a large amount of money to support massive promotional activities, which will help to spawn our idiosyncratic brand impression. Our main issue is to keep countrywide people of Bangladesh update with latest technology through our brand. â€Å"Tablet PC for everyone† will be our motto to accelerate the acceptance of our brand in Bangladesh. Marketing Strategy Zeus Technology’s marketing strategy is composed of several interrelated elements. The first and most important is market selection: choosing the markets to be served. Product planning includes the specific products the company sells, the makeup of the product line, and the design of individual offerings in the line. Another element is the distribution system: the wholesale and retail channels through which the product moves to the people who ultimately buy it and use it. The overall communications strategy employs advertising to tell potential customers about the product through radio, television, direct mail, and public print and personal selling to deploy a sales force to call on potential customers, urge them to buy, and take orders. Finally, pricing is an important element of any marketing program. The company must set the product prices that different classes of customers will pay and determine the margins or commissions to compensate agents, wholesalers, and retailers for moving the product to ultimate users. Positioning Using our low-price policy we will place the Z-Tab as a very reasonable, easily accessible and standard quality Tablet PC model applicable for variable purpose. Our 3 categories of products will be offered by comprehending and accomplishing the need of 3 different levels of people, â€Å"Enovice† for students, â€Å"Civic† for general users and â€Å"Prime† for the professional users. Our marketing will focus on low product price with maximum requirements so that customers will be able to distinguish the Z-Tab from its competitors. Product Strategy Z-Tab including all the 3 categories and their individual features portrayed earlier will be sold with one-year warranty and a one-year free after sale service. We will provide a special Tablet PC bag for each product. Our Z-Tab brand and logo both will be displayed on the product. We will also provide a user guide both in English and Bengali so that the customers will understand the functional operations and find it easy to perform without facing any difficulties. Pricing Strategy Three categories of Z-Tab will be introduced by the following prices in the market: Product Categories |Wholesale Price |Retailed Price | |Z-Tab Enovice |8,500 |9,800 | |Z-Tab Civic |13,000 |14,900 | |Z-Tab Prime |18,500 |19,990 | These will be our initial market price. We pursued market-penetration pricing strategy to attract a large number of buyers and a large market share. While setting price we also focused on psychological pricing strategy to maximize our profit. Both strategies will support us to capture the market from existing well-constituted brands and pull large market share. In addition, our strategy will also reflect that we are trying to attract our desirable channel distributor. Distribution Strategy For product-focused companies, establishing the most appropriate distribution strategies is a major key to success, defined as maximizing sales and profits. As our company is product oriented so our channel strategy will wide spread. We will distribute our product through specific well retailers, cyber cafe, book stores and GP retailers. We will also include online distribution through our website. During first year, we will add channel partners until we’ve coverage on all over the Bangladesh. We will also investigate distribution through cell-phone outlets (I. E GP). In support of our channel partners, Zeus Technology. will provide demonstration products, detailed specification handouts, and full-color photos and displays featuring the product. Finally, we plan to arrange special payment terms for retailers that place volume orders. We use cutting-edge hand-held devices that combine bar coding and RFID technology to capture and reflect updated inventory information. Forecasting and inventory management is done more appreciably as we reduce human errors by deploying automated process and control points to make sure that the product is monitored from the time of sale and during its cycle of warranty. Marketing Communication Strategy Our primary goal of marketing communications is to build awareness of a business, its products, and its position through customer-facing materials such as TVC, brochures, press releases, Web sites, and trade show presentations. Planning an integrated and consistent cross-team approach to these activities  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ one that reinforces a company’s message with target audiences and motivates customers to buy our product. Adequate research about media consumption patterns will help our advertising agency choose appropriate media and timing to reach prospects before and during product introduction. It also will help us on in-depth understanding of our target audiences and the processes involved in buying, selling, and communicating. We will provide our clients with the necessary tools and information to about our product. It is our focus to create strong partnerships with our clients in a never ending attempt to increase awareness, a positive image and consistently growing equity for our products and brand as a whole. As a company we feel that if we have some of our target market try our product while they are working out and then ask them what they think of the Z-Tab, we will be able to get personal testimony from our target market. Another way we will promote the new Z-Tab is by having an in-store display with a working model. With the working model there will be a brochure for the customer to take with them and a board displaying all the information about the Z-Tab. We could either train the employees at the stores that we are thinking of selling the Z-Tab or once again we could send out a representative out to show how to use the Z-Tab. To generate enthusiasm about Z-Tab we will host many information related competition in schools, colleges and universities. We will also promote our product through TVC and FM radio to create a storm in the people. When the Z-Tab is completed and we are ready to enter it into our target market, the main concern will be to get the innovators and early adopters to purchase and use the product. This will be done by specific message targeting that will get the attention of this segment of the 18 and over market. The internet will be another form of advertising, because Internet users who are 18 and over are innovators in their target market and are already users of technology. This means that they are more likely to adopt a new technology. Direct mail will be the second form of advertising. It will be used to both introduce consumers to the product, and to re-enforce the advertising message that they may have received from the Internet usage. In village areas our representative will promote and train people about Z-Tab. Top of Mind awareness is our ultimate goal although we realize this will take time. Along with brand awareness, improved attitudes toward the Z-Tab and increased purchasing intentions are also important. Improved attitudes and purchase intentions must predictably turn into an increase in sales to be considered affective Marketing Research Market research is for discovering what people want, need, or believe. It can also involve discovering how they act. Using research, we are identifying the specific features and benefits that our target market segments value. Feedback from market tests, surveys, and focus groups will help us develop the strategy for our future plans and product. We are also measuring and analyzing customers’ attitudes toward competing brands and products. Brand awareness research will help us determine the effectiveness and efficiency of our messages and media. Finally, we will use customer satisfaction studies to gauge market reaction. An increase in brand awareness must translate in proportion to sales increases to be successful. If we decide that brand awareness is still increasing at a steady rate, but not affecting sales yet we will allow another two months to see if the increased in sales is just delayed. If after five months there is no increase in sales our marketing plan will have failed and we will rethink our efforts. Marketing Organization Z-Tab’s Chief Marketing Officer Md. Sharif Chowdhury is in charge of inspecting all marketing activities. The figure given below shows the structure of marketing organization. Zeus Technology has hired them to control sales campaigns, promotional activities and public relations. Z-Tab’s Marketing Organization Structure: |Zahirul Haque | | | |Chief Marketing Officer | | |Saeed Ahmed |Sharif Chowdhury |Jannat Ara | |Sales Manager |Advertising Manager |Promotion Manager | |Moumita Mazumder |Nimat Zaman |Rezwan-Ul-Haque | |Assistant Sales Manager |Assistant A dvertising Manager |Assistant Promotion Manager | |Tahmid Rahman |Sanjid Hussain |Tasmin Kamal | |Regional Sales |Advertising Analyst |Promotion Analyst | Action Programs Z-Tab will be introduced in March. We have a 9 months long 4-steps action plan to accomplish our specified objectives. January February: â€Å"Set In Motion Plan† Under this plan we will propel a 10,000,000 Taka trade sales promotion campaign and demonstrate at the leading industry trade shows to train the traders and propagate channel support for the product launch. First we will create awareness and curiosity about our brand and products by providing our product samples to some selected luminaries like product reviewers, opinion guiders and celebrities. We will instruct the retailers and make them proficient to elucidate our product’s features and benefits effectively. March April: â€Å"Colossal Commercial Drive† Through March and April we will lay stress on a massive print, radio and Internet advertisement. Our budget is 20,000,000 Taka for these promotional activities. Renowned newspapers, radio channels and social networks and communication sites will be our primary target. Our advertisements will emphasize on the low-price of our product along with the motto – â€Å"Tablet PC for everyone†. May June: â€Å"Pioneering Sales Strategy† During May and June our target will be to increase sales in order to inaugurate product’s acceptability. In this period to stimulate the sales-men and retailers we will offer them a percentage commission on the basis of sales-amount. We are assuming that the â€Å"Pioneering Sales Strategy† will cost 10,000,000 Taka. July, August September: Campaign â€Å"Z-Tab Symposia† In July and August we will drive a 2 month long campaign with a dictum -â€Å"Get Enovice and explore the universe† in schools, colleges and universities to introduce â€Å"Z-Tab Enovice†, which is distinctively offered for students. We will arrange seminars and conferences to encourage them to be updated with latest technology by buying our products at a reasonable price. We will contrast â€Å"Z-Tab Enovice† as a prominent element for educational purpose as pen, papers, books and others. In September we will proceed to business companies to promote â€Å"Z-Tab Prime† which is especially constrained for business functions and operations. â€Å"Carry out a carefree career† – will be our purport for the business professionals and executives. For this campaign we will need an allowence of 15,000,000 Taka. In addition, we will perform surveys to evaluate the impression of customers about our product. On the basis of the result of the evaluation we will elevate and extemporize our products and further marketing strategies. Budgets Total sales revenue projected for Z-Tab is estimated at 466,655,000 Taka with an average wholesale price of 13,333 Taka per unit and a variable cost per unit of 10,500 Taka for 35,000 Units. We predict a loss of a 10 million Taka. Our break-even calculation indicates that the Z-Tab will become profitable after the sales volume exceeds which we predict lately in the product’s second year. Our break-even analysis of Z-Tab products assumes wholesale revenue of 14,880 Taka Per Unit, variable cost of 13,900 Taka Per unit and calculated first-year fixed costs of 205,000,000 Taka. According to this hypothesis, the break-even calculation is as follows: 205,000,000 Taka / Taka 13,333 Per Unit – Taka 10,500 Per Unit = 73,215 Units Controls With Z-Tab we plan to take controlled measures and closely monitor the quality and customer service satisfaction. This way customer’s needs would be fulfilled according to their want and enabling us to create an acceptable product in market. For instance we will be monitoring Z-Tab’s economical, technological and socio-cultural factors. Controlling these aspects provides us the perfect platform to establish a name for our product. Economical Factors Consumers willing to purchase Z-Tab in future. Based on customer’s willingness to buy we will control the distribution of Z-Tab. Over viewing monthly sales, expenses, change in profit or loss based on previous month’s sales and expenses of Z-Tab so we can take measures to develop Z-Tab furthermore. Technological Factors Controlling Z-Tab multimedia development, such as including a better quality depending on our levels premium, economic and basic. Better equipment means more customers which leads to our exclusive brand name and product. Socio-cultural Factors By introducing Z-Tab at a low price we are expecting a technological progression in Bangladesh. To make sure that this neo evolution change our society’s layer, we will sponsor and promote work that involves betterment of the society. In addition, we will donate 2 taka to acid victim’s foundation for each sell of Z-Tab. By doing CSR activities we will be spread the good will of Z-Tab in to our society. How to cite Marketing Term Paper, Essays Marketing Term Paper Free Essays string(38) " realization of their full potential\." ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I would like to express my deep gratitude to Allah the Almighty for giving me the opportunity to perform and successfully completing the term paper. I acknowledge my heartiest due to our honorable course instructor Md. Khairul Islam, Assistant Professor, Department of Business Studies, Dhaka International University for giving me the opportunity to carry out this report. We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Term Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now His valuable advice and guideline helped me a lot in preparing this report successfully. Otherwise the task of preparing this report would have been harder in part. Secondly, I like to convey my gratitude and thanks to the Personnel of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. for providing me the required data, support and suggestions regarding this Report. Executive Summary This report details about a leading Pharmaceutical company of Bangladesh named Incepta Pharmaceuticals. The report outlines the background of the company with the production and marketing practices. Incepta Pharmaceuticals is one of the renowned companies in Bangladesh. It starts it work from 1999 and till the company is in the leading position. The company has a clear vision and its mission is to fulfill their vision. The company has level of  management and these different level managers work together to improve the present condition of the company. Incepta produces various kinds of medicines and now the company is exporting medicines to 35 countries. Incepta also maintain their social responsibilities for the betterment of Bangladesh. Objectives of the Report The main objectives of the study are to learn how to prepare a report. Our honorable course teacher assigns us to prepare this report so that in the ob market we can  perform effectively and efficiently and also enlighten the goodwill of our university as well as our teachers. Other objectives of this report are: †¢ To share the lesson learns. †¢ To inform about the progress. †¢ To analyze the inputs against the outputs. †¢ To communicate the changes. †¢ Analyze the recommendations. †¢ Risk reduction preparation. †¢ To plan acco rdingly for up-coming period. †¢ To take quick decisions. Methodology of the Report For smooth and accurate study everyone have to follow some rules regulation. The study impute were collected from two sources. The sources are i. Primary sources ii. Secondary sources Primary sources: Primary sources of information are those that provide first-hand accounts of the events, practices, or conditions. In general, these are documents that were created by the witnesses or first recorders of these events at about the time they occurred. These information are collected from:   †¢ Practical desk work †¢ Face to face conversation with the officer †¢ Direct observations †¢ Face to face conversation with the client Secondary sources: Second-hand, published accounts are called secondary sources. They are called secondary sources because they are created after primary sources and they often use or talk about primary sources. Secondary sources can give additional opinions on a past event or on a primary source. Secondary sources often have many copies which we collected from:  Ã‚   †¢ Annual report of companies †¢ Various publications of companies, †¢ Website Limitations of the Study The study is mainly based on secondary data. The study is confined to only one manufacturing firm that is categorized into miscellaneous manufacturing firm. The study is limited to corporate firms as treated as a case study. In the absence of more reliable and available data, this study is under taken only for short periods. This study leaves a short-run coverage of periods sample for want to studying the immediate impact of changes in companies as it was intended for long-run analysis. Review of Related Literature Analysis of Data About Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd: Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is a leading pharmaceutical company in Bangladesh established in the year 1999. The company has a very big manufacturing facility located at Savar, 35 kilometer away from the center of the capital city Dhaka. The company produces various types of dosage forms which include tablets, capsules, oral liquids, ampoules, dry powder vials, powder for suspension, nasal sprays, eye drops, creams, ointments, lotions, gels, prefilled syringes, liquid filled hard gelatin capsules, lyophilized injections etc. Since its inception, Incepta has been launching new and innovative products in order to fulfill unmet demand of the medical community. The focus has always been to bring new, more technologically advanced molecules and innovative dosage forms to this country. The company specializes in value added high technology dosage forms like sustained release tablets, quick mouth dissolving tablets, effervescent tablets, barrier coated delayed release tablets, prefilled syringe products, Insulin and Insulin analogue and biological products, among others . It has established a modern research and development laboratory for the development of new, advanced dosage forms for various drugs and devices like poorly soluble drugs, dry powder inhalers, coated pellets, modified release products, taste masked preparation etc. Incepta has a very competent sales team, which promotes the specialties throughout the country. The company virtually covers every single corner of the rural as well as urban area of Bangladesh. It has its own large distribution network having 18 depots all over the country. The company has a clear vision to become a leading research based dosage form manufacturing company with global presence within a short period of time. With this view in mind the company started to expand its business in overseas markets. Currently Incepta exports to 33 different countries around the world. With hundreds of brands registered in different countries, and many more in the pipeline, Incepta is gradually expanding its global footprint across all the continents. Vision We want to become a research based global pharmaceutical company in addition to being a highly efficient generic manufacturer. To discover and develop innovative, value-added products those improve the quality of life of people around the world. And contribute towards the growth of our Nation. The main theme of the company is, â€Å"Innovation into practice. † Mission Provide people globally with high quality health care products at affordable prices in order to improve access to medicine and to provide employees an enabling environment that facilitates realization of their full potential. You read "Marketing Term Paper" in category "Essay examples" History Incepta began its operation with a handful of highly skilled and dedicated professionals guided by an able leadership. Proper strategic planning, technical excellence, swift and timely decisions helped us achieve our objectives leading to much faster growth. Incepta was able to anticipate the need of the market and provide the right product at the right time. High focus on RD investment from the very beginning made possible the introduction of quality products ahead of its competitors in most cases. Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd. is now the 2nd largest company of the country and recognized as the fastest growing of the top five manufacturing company in the country. Established in the year 1999, the company has come a long way. Currently the Zirabo plant consists of several buildings with state of the art technology. Dedicated cephalosporin manufacturing building, a specialized manufacturing building for the production of lyophilized products, insulin and amino acids and newly built liquid and semisolid manufacturing building and large warehouse is also in operation. Incepta now has one of the largest and competent sales force and large distribution network of its own, operated from 18 different locations throughout the country. A most dynamic skilled and dedicated marketing team comprising of pharmacists and doctors are at the core of the marketing operation. These highly skilled professionals play a crucial role in providing the necessary strategic guideline for the promotion of its product. Chronology of Events 1998-99 †¢ December 16th 1998, the construction of the factory began. †¢ August 1999, office operations began. †¢ December 1999, first batch of product Neodin S 150 (Ranitidine 150 mg tablet) was produced. 2000 †¢ January 2000, sales began formally. †¢ February 2000, training of the first batch of medical representatives began. †¢ April 2000, with the launching of Osartil (Losartan Potassium) the first prescription product of Incepta was launched in the market. The company started off in a new direction. †¢ Several other first ever product, Celenta (Celecoxib), Rofenta (Rofecoxib) and Omidon (Domperidone) followed in the footsteps of Osartil. †¢ A total of 23 new generics with 35 presentations were launched this year. 4 of these generics were first ever in Bangladesh. †¢ By the end of 2000 Incepta was the number 31st company of the country. 2001 †¢ There was massive restructuring throughout the company. Sales, Distribution, Marketing Strategy Department, and Factory; all were reorganized. †¢ A total of 18 new generics with 37 presentations were launched this year. 1 of these generics were first ever in Bangladesh. †¢ By the end of the year Incepta was ranked the 12th company of the country. The company had a phenomenal growth of 448% over the previous year (IMS). 2002 †¢ A total of 32 new generics with 49 presentations were launched. 14 of these generics were first ever in Bangladesh. †¢ Massive expan sion project of the factory was envisioned. New office for the sales and distribution operation was also taking shape. †¢ The company registered an excellent growth of 55. 85% over the previous year. By the end of the year Incepta was ranked the 10th company of the country (IMS). 003 †¢ Incepta kept on introducing innovative and newer molecules to the local market. A total of 32 new generics with 48 presentations were launched. 18 of these generics were first ever in Bangladesh. †¢ The new office (Dhanmondi) for the sales and distribution operation was inaugurated. †¢ The company registered an excellent growth of 28. 5% over the previous year (IMS). †¢ By the end of the year Incepta was ranked the 8th company of the country (IMS). 2004 †¢ A total of 17 new generics with 32 presentations have been launched. 6 of these generics were first ever in Bangladesh. The company maintained an excellent growth of 48. 2% over the previous year (IMS). †¢ The ran king went up again and the company was ranked the 5th largest company of the country with the highest growth rate among the top five (IMS). 2005 †¢ We thrived under challenge and excelled in venturing into unexplored grounds and continued to satisfy our customers. Incepta was audited and accepted as a supplier for UNICEF UNDP. We started to supply life saving drugs to UNICEF from March, 2005. †¢ A total of 27 new generics with 76 presentations were launched. 2 of these generics were introduced first time ever in Bangladesh. †¢ The company maintained an excellent growth of 34. 8% over the previous year (IMS). †¢ The company was ranked 3rd largest with the highest growth among the top five (IMS). 2006 †¢ By 2006 Incepta had positioned itself as an innovative research oriented and knowledge based pharmaceutical company specializing in analysis, design and development of new products. †¢ Incepta successfully started overseas marketing operation from May 20 06. †¢ A total of 25 new generics with 82 presentations were launched. of these generics were first ever in Bangladesh. †¢ The company maintained an excellent growth of 31. 26% over the previous year (IMS). †¢ The company maintained the ranking of 3rd largest (IMS). 2007 †¢ Incepta pioneered the introduction of biotech products (Human Insulin) and lyophilized products (Pantoprazole injection) in the Bangladesh pharmaceutical market. This was the first time a local pharmaceutical company produced such highly sophisticated technology product in the country. †¢ A total of 32 new generics with 82 presentations were launched. 4 of these generics were first ever in Bangladesh. Marketing, Sales, Distribution and Administration departments shifted to the fully owned new office premises in Tejgaon, Dhaka. The international standard head office of Incepta started operation in the new office premises on 1st October, 2007. †¢ A marketing and sales team was setup in Myanmar headed by a country manager from the Marketing Strategy Team to promote the 35 products registered with the Myanmar FDA. †¢ The company maintained a growth of 12. 93% over the previous year (IMS). †¢ The company held the 3rd largest ranking (IMS) among the companies. 008 †¢ Continued investment in our core strength that is our manufacturing plant led to recognition from European authorities and on January 11, 2008 Incepta attained European â€Å"Certificate of GMP Compliance†. †¢ 40 new products with 86 presentations were introduced of which 10 were first ever in Bangladesh. †¢ The plant received GMP certification (General formulations and Cephalosporins) from Kenyan Ministry of Health on January 21, 2008. †¢ Incepta was also awarded GMP (Cephalosporins) from Ethiopian Ministry of Health on July 22, 2008. Incepta registered 51 products in Mongolia on September 26, 2008 (As first Bangladeshi Company). †¢ Incepta registered 3 products in Georgia on October 13, 2008 (As first Bangladeshi Company). †¢ In 2008 significant number of products got registration in different countries. 19 products from Democratic Republic of Congo, 20 products from Sri Lanka, 22 products from Togo, 8 products from Hong Kong, 20 products from Mauritania, 6 products from Vietnam, 1 product in Cambodia. †¢ The company maintained a growth of 12. 10% over the previous year (IMS). The company became the 2nd largest (IMS) among the companies operating in Bangladesh. 2009 †¢ Incepta started venturing in the field of human vaccines and hormonal products. Construction of the Vaccine Hormones facilities started on 1st January 2009 and 8th November 2009 respectively. †¢ Incepta became the first Bangladeshi Company to get GMP Compliance Certificate from Turkey (Tablets, Capsules and Lyophilized products) on January 08, 2009. †¢ Incepta achieved GMP certification from the Ministry of Health, Yemen on May 25, 2009 (Sterile an d Non-sterile products). Incepta launched 51 new products in 2009. 4 of these were first ever in Bangladesh pharmaceutical market. †¢ The company maintained an excellent growth of 27. 71% over the previous year (IMS). †¢ The company maintained the 2nd largest (IMS) position in 2009. 2010 †¢ Incepta was accepted and became enlisted with the Copenhagen office of UNICEF, UNDP and UNESCO as global supplier of medicine. †¢ Incepta was awarded GMP certificate from Uganda, National Drug Authority on 5th August 2010 (Sterile Products, Non-sterile products and Cephalosporin). †¢ Incepta launched 56 product presentations. 0 of which were first ever in Bangladesh market. †¢ Incepta maintained the 2nd largest (IMS) position in Bangladesh pharmaceutical market in 2010. The company showed the strongest growth among the top 10 companies with a growth rate of 34. 97% (IMS). 2011 †¢ Incepta is set to introduce Human Vaccines to the market and become the first Bangl adeshi vaccine manufacturing company. †¢ Export has emerged as a focus area for Incepta. With over three hundred products registered in different countries export is now set to play more important role in the growth of the company. Currently the company exports to 35 countries of the world with many more in the pipeline. †¢ Since starting supply of medicine to UNICEF in Bangladesh, Incepta has remained the largest supplier till today. †¢ Up to June 2011 the company has launched 30 products, 7 of which are first ever in Bangladesh market. Incepta’s Growth in Comparison with Local Pharma Market (IMS* Data) [pic] Beginning in 2000, Incepta has been launching new and innovative products at a faster pace than its competitors. Up to June 2011 it has already launched more than 317 generics with a total of 624 presentations. The company produces a wide variety of dosage forms covering nearly all the major therapeutic classes. During the last 11 years of operation Incepta launched as many as 118 new generics for the first time ever in Bangladesh. High focus on quality and timely introduction of much needed essential medications previously unavailable in the country has enabled Incepta to become the second largest pharmaceutical company of the country. Production Facilities At present Incepta has one fully operational plant at Zirabo, Savar, Dhaka (Zirabo plant) and another at Dhamrai, Dhaka. The second site is currently under development and several projects of finished formulation unit are being set up. The Zirabo manufacturing plant is located about 35 Km north of Dhaka City and covers an area of land about 15,000 m2. The total built up production area is about 300,000 square feet. Currently the plant consists of a general purpose manufacturing building, a dedicated cephalosporin manufacturing building, and a specialized manufacturing building for the roduction of lyophilized products, insulin and amino acids in addition to several floors dedicated to the production of solid dosage forms- tablets and capsules. A newly built liquid and semisolid manufacturing building is also in operation at this site. The site also houses a warehouse for raw, packaging and finished goods. To meet the increasing demand from domestic as well as overseas markets, anothe r warehouse is currently under construction with three times the capacity of the existing one. A separate multipurpose building houses the Research Development lab along with the canteen facility. At present all the products are coming from this plant at Zirabo. Manufacturing and packaging operations are carried out according to the validated methods through systematically qualified machines with full documentation at all stages of operations. The production sites follow the GMP guidelines for environmental requirements of the manufacturing and packaging area, as well as comply with the EHS requirements. Highly sophisticated HVAC systems are used to condition, monitor and supply clean air to the working zone according to the manufacturing zone concept, capture and control any dust, vapor, gas or fume generated, as well as treat re-circulated and/or exhausted air. Temperature and moisture level are maintained at the desired level through this system. Design of the room and air-conditioning systems ensure: †¢ Prevention of contamination of the product. †¢ Protection of the environment. †¢ Protection of people. †¢ Prevention of the ingress of vermin, insects, birds etc. There are different environmental zones maintained within the manufacturing area. Training programs take place on a regular basis according to written plan. Personnel at all levels undergo general GMP and Technical Training appropriate to perform their job satisfactorily. Purified water and water for injection plant and distribution systems are designed to maintain the water quality according to the relevant requirements and state-of-the-art engineering design which include e. g. 24 hours run circulation loops, smooth interior surfaces, adequate materials, and minimum flow rates. At the Zirabo plant the following activities are carried out – †¢ Pharmaceutical Manufacturing: Processing and packaging of pharmaceuticals to supply to the local market and for Export to 3rd parties. Approved suppliers supply the active substances used in manufacturing. Most of the auxiliaries used for production are bought from approved third parties. †¢ Logistics, Warehousing: Storing of raw and packaging materials to meet the requirements of production and also storing and dispatch of finished products as per concept of Good Storage Practice of pharmaceuticals. Engineering/Industrial Engineering: In line with pharmaceutical production, health safety and environmental protection, infrastructure maintenance, machinery and other maintenance. Effluent treatment and safe disposal of pharmaceutical waste. †¢ Quality Assurance/Quality Control: Quality Control of pharmaceuticals, raw and packaging materials, reagents and chemicals, plant and personnel hygiene, metho d and process validation, and overall quality assurance of pharmaceuticals. †¢ Research Development: Formulation development and adaptation for scale up production with process validation, method validation in collaboration with QA/QC. Stability study and shelf life determination of pharmaceutical products. Reformulation/improvement of existing formulations in line with new/advanced technology. †¢ Plant HR/Administration: Support different units of the plant for HR related issues, general services, general logistics and administrative issues. The following product forms are manufactured on the production site of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd: A. Sterile Products: Liquid dosage forms (LVP SVP, Terminally sterilized and aseptically filled ampoule) Eye Drops Solid dosage forms (Solid fill, Dry vials and Freeze-Dried Products) B. Non Sterile Products: Liquid dosage forms (Oral Liquid, Nasal Solution, and Nasal Spray) Semisolid dosage forms (Creams, Ointments, and Gels) Solid dosage forms (Tablets, Capsules, Powders, and Granules) C. Biological Products: Aseptically prepared injectables: Erythropoetin, Enoxaparin, Insulin, Insulin Glargine (rDNA), Filgrastim D. Cephalosporins (Dedicated manufacturing facility): Solid dosage forms (Tablets, Capsules, and Powder) Sterile Powders (Aseptically filled vials) Quality Management System The QMS of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Limited is established in a frame to describe its operations in different documents and practices which is based on the principles of PICS and WHO guidelines. The Quality Manual describes the Quality Policy of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Limited. The responsibilities for the technical aspects of Quality Assurance are defined in the Quality Manual. It encompasses all activities necessary to generate, maintain and verify the quality of drugs. The Quality Assurance of Zirabo Plant consists of Quality Control, Quality Compliance and Quality Surveillance. The main tasks and duties of Quality Control have been described in the Quality Manual and relevant SOPs. The Head of Quality Assurance or his delegates are responsible for releasing drug substances, excipients, dosage forms and packaging materials. Quality Compliance is responsible for IPC, GMP co-ordination and training. Performances of routine GMP checks are done as per need, Monitors to respect GMP regulation in the manufacturing by instant checks of Batch Record completion, visual checks of cleaning of working place, line clearance, performance checks of balance other equipment. Quality Surveillance is responsible for the implementation of the Quality Management System in different areas in collaboration with different departments. Quality Surveillance play active role in conducting external and internal audits with their follow-ups. Research Development is responsible for formulation development and method development, implementing technical transfer to Production and Quality Control, and also covers process validation, cleaning validation, method validation and follow up stability. The Quality Manual describes how testing instructions are established and used. The testing instructions include the specifications and testing methods. The testing instructions are binding for release testing and for follow-up stability testing. A routine inspection is being done in the name of â€Å"Self Inspection† mainly concerned with safety, sanitation and infra-structural facilities leading to GMP including documentation. Supply of raw materials is mainly obtained from approved suppliers. We select and evaluate the supplier as per procedures. This procedure is also applicable in case of supply of Primary and Secondary Packaging Materials. Marketing, Sales Distribution A complete and integrated Marketing, Sales and Distribution network is required to make the information on products and services available to the customer. To achieve our purpose and mission, we affirm our values of integrity, respect for people, innovation, performance and leadership. Around 4000 individuals from diverse disciplines including pharmacy, microbiology, MBA, Accounting, Engineering and Medicine are working nationwide under the umbrella of Incepta. All the skilled and professional personnel are set at their very appropriate responsible positions. Our sales team comprising highly professional science graduate and post-graduate people are involved in the timely and smooth promotion of our products for the benefits of our doctors, people as well as the whole nation. Incepta has its own large distribution network having 18 depots all over the country. They make the products available in every single drug store of the country. The depots are located in Dhaka, Chittagong, Rajshahi, Khulna, Sylhet, Barisal, Comilla, Noakhali, Mymensingh, Magura, Bogra, Narayangonj, Rangpur, Dinajpur, Tangail, Jessor, Moulovibazar and Cox’s Bazar. Products are supplied on a daily basis to all the major cities and towns of the country. Remote areas are also supplied rhythmically to ensure timely availability of products to all customers. There is a large fleet of transport including refrigerator trucks for supplying temperature sensitive products to retail shops around the country. Cold chain system is employed to products which need strict temperature control. Storage of these products is also maintained using refrigerators with backup power supply to ensure maintenance of standardized environment. Global Reach of Incepta: Incepta market their products in 35 countries of the world through their distribution partners. [pic] Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Bhutan, Cambodia, Georgia, Hong Kong, Laos, Maldives, Mongolia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Turkey, U. A. E. Vietnam Africa: D. R. Congo, Ethiopia, Mauritania, Seychelles, Somalia, Swaziland, Togo, Kenya Europe: Finland, Ukraine North America: Belize, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras South America: Guyana Oceania: Fiji International Marketing Incepta, a leading Pharmaceutical manufacturer in Bangladesh, continues its voyage towards inherent dream to become a key contributor in the world Pharmaceutical market by maintaining a constant commitment to research, developing innovative products and quality management. Our unwavering determination to achieve excellence leads us to new global benchmarks. Incepta is guided by its export mission to improve the health and well-being of people worldwide. Its corporate philosophy is to create new value around health-related products through science and advanced technology. Incepta has always given very high priority to its Research and Development activities. This focus enabled Incepta to develop and market 124 generics for the first time ever in Bangladesh pharmaceutical market. The company has successfully developed 639 dosage forms of 335 generics in different specialties that are currently selling in the local as well as international market. Incepta is continuing to introduce new and technologically advanced molecules and innovative dosage forms. These molecules and dosage forms have played key role towards the rapid growth of the company in the last eleven years. Currently Incepta is the second largest and fastest growing company among the top five companies of the country. The company is dedicating a significant percentage of its resources to strengthening its technology including biotechnology, centered on Pharmaceuticals. Incepta currently manufactures and sells several bio-tech products in the local market. In order to expand its bio-tech business abroad Incepta has already established a state-of-the-art Human Vaccine production facility which will go into production soon. Within six years of starting export operations, Incepta now sells its products in 40 countries. This has become possible due to an intellectual pool of some of the best minds in the country. Starting in 2006, Incepta already has registration of more than 300 products in different countries around the globe. Further negotiation with possible business partners and product registration is going on to further the presence of the company in many more countries. In January 2008, the company received â€Å"Certificate of GMP compliance† from European Union which basically opened the door to the European market for Incepta. UK MHRA, the regulatory authority of England has inspected the Zirabo plant of Incepta Pharmaceuticals Ltd in February 2011. Incepta received the GMP approval for its solid dosage form facility in July 2011 for its own formulated products allowing marketing in UK and other European countries. In 2004 Incepta was inspected by UNICEF and UNDP and accepted as a potential supplier. In 2005 Incepta started supplying products to UNICEF locally in Bangladesh. Subsequently in 2010, Incepta was accepted by the global headquarters of UN agencies at Copenhagen, Denmark and became enlisted as global supplier to UNICEF, UNESCO, UNDP, UNRWA and UNFPA. During the course of the last couple of years the company has received accreditation from many other countries of the world and currently holds the following GMP certificates from their respective Ministry of Health. †¢ UK MHRA GMP Certificate †¢ European Union GMP Certificate †¢ Turkey GMP Certificate †¢ Yemen GMP Certificate †¢ Kenya GMP Certificate †¢ Democratic Republic of Congo GMP Certificate †¢ Ethiopia GMP Certificate †¢ Uganda GMP Certificate †¢ Republic of Sudan Incepta currently sells its product in many countries of Asia, Africa, Central America and has started to sell in Latin America and Europe. Incepta is taking special efforts to ensure presence in the rest of the globe. Currently the company is exploring distributorship, contract manufacturing, in licensing, technology partnership and many other forms of cooperation. Companies around the world can benefit from partnership with Incepta as the company offers a very large portfolio of generic products to choose from. Focus on ensuring high quality and cost effectiveness makes our portfolio more attractive to potential customers. How to cite Marketing Term Paper, Essays

Strategic Human Resource Management Academy

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Human Resource Management Academy. Answer: Introduction Human resource planning is an important concept to predict the future requirements of human resources needed for an organization as well as to examine that how the existing human resource can be used to fulfill its objectives (Weatherly, 2004). Nowadays, human resource planning is actively utilized for the effective complexion of big and complex projects to taking with political considerations into account. The main aim of this essay is to determine the significance of human resource planning for the successful complexion of large scale and complex projects especially where political considerations exist (Armstrong, 2006). This essay would determine some major political constraints and issues that may come in the way of efficient human resource planning of an organization. Effective Strategic HR Planning Human resource planning is a simple procedure to analyze HR requirements to make sure that the current number of employees matches the required skills while strategic human resource planning is quite different. It is the determination of the overall organizational objective and a proper mechanism to attain its major goals (Bernadin, 2007). In this regard, requirement and availability are two important component of human resource planning and strategic human resource planning is considered to be an important component of HR management. Its main objective is to provide sufficient human resources to meet the strategic goal of a firm and provide the right people with the right skills at the right time to attain organizational objectives with an ease (Mathis and Jackson, 2010). Strategic HR planning is a step by step process to determine the mechanism to pursue long term goals of an organization with the help of available resources. It is an important approach to analyze the opportunities and threats to examine all the political constraints in the environment with the main aim to enhance the efficiency and productivity of an organization (Paauwe, 2004). On the contrary to this, human resource planning is basically the estimation of future requirement to analyze the demand and supply of human resources to attain organizational goals without any kind of major difficulty. Nowadays, both HR planning and strategic HR planning is used for the effective complexion of big and giant projects of an organization. It has been analyzed that organizations are now juggling with some major HRM issues like high staff turnover, tight labor market, skills shortages, ageing population and diversity. Organizations are required to become strategic and competitive in the global market place to deal with these issues (Storey, 2007). Due to the presence of political complexities and constantly changing government norms make it difficult for companies to manage its employees and organizational activities in an effective manner. Among all the HRM challenges, rapidly changing worker profile is a big challenge. This is because the presence of demographic changes across the world is putting major pressure on the government as well as the private sector to implement creative solutions to educate and retain a diverse workforce with an ease (Wright, et al., 2005). For instance, male employees had a major ratio at their workplace but the government in many countries has made it mandatory to hire equal number of female employees at workplace and provide special privileges to them such as maternity leave. To overcome this issue, organizations should now impartial in terms of gender of their employees and promote their employees as per their caliber instead of their sexuality. Apart from this, it is believed that ageing population is likely to pose a major challenge for the business world across the globe. This is because preparing the young generation for the workplace as there are great chances that young people may leave the workplace permanently producing a lost generation in countries with higher number of employment rates. Another major HR change is to retain and engage a changing workforce as it is not a cake walk to recruit potential employees. This is because HR of a company has to make sure that its staff is committed and productive and may not leave the organization after a short span of time so that companys substantial turnover costs and invested training may not get wasted (Paauwe, 2004). To compete in such highly competitive global era, HR needs to overcome this issue by implementing effective retention activities and providing workplace satisfaction to its employees. On the contrary to this, hiring and retaining talent while reducing the labor cost is a major challenge before the HR of a company. This issue can be overcome by strategically implementing the significant strategies. Henceforth, organizations can be strategic and competitive in the global market place by preparing for the future and staying with the laws in order to avoid any legal obligation (Mathis and Jackson, 2010). HR Planning and Project Management HR planning plays a significant role in the successful execution of a companys project. It is the responsibility of project managers to determine the resources needed to conduct a project successfully. It is his duty to manage the overall activity of a project by ensuring the optimum utilization of resources so that money may not get wasted. In this way, proper human resource planning is done to define the roles and responsibilities of team members to make them perform their duty well. It is notable that a complex large scale project depends heavily on skilled manual labor along with other resources, and thus to apply a good HR planning is necessary in big projects (Mathis and Jackson, 2010). HR planning is often considered as nuisance and as a secondary function which does not add directly to the accomplishment of project objectives. In the viewpoint of Loosemore, Dainty Lingard (2003), there are innumerable examples of corporate and long term project crises, which have political considerations that are the result of lack of HR planning. One such example is of Queensland rail disruption, in which numerous numbers of commuters suffered because 100 trains cancelled in Brisbane, due to lack of staff that can drive trains. This aspect really annoyed the customers and impacted the goodwill of firm due to sudden cancellations of trains. Due to the characteristics of large scale complex projects that have political consideration and different project participants, the need to implement HR planning becomes crucial for managing relationships among project members, enhancing team performance and encouraging value for individuals. HR planning help human resource managers in considering different factors while constituting and implementing HRM strategies and practices at the large scale project (Armstrong, 2006). With respect to the Queensland rail disruptions, it is noteworthy that the rail network was under-resourced and not prepared for the novel Redcliffe Peninsular line. This was the outcome of ineffective HR planning because if the management would have done HR plan effectively, there will not be any shortage of skilled human resources (ABC News, 2016). This is because HR planning helps in managing human resources by guaranteeing ample supply of human resources, ensuring their proper usage and timely analysis of any surplus or shortage of human resources for addressing the needs of the project. Queensland Rail required more manpower, which was not available due to lack of HR planning. Queensland Rail had impractical assumptions of the train crew needed to run the new timetable, but is there have been HR planning, Queensland Rail would have been able to manage necessary staff at right time without any delay (Aslam, et al., 2013). It is true that large scale project management is quite a complex process but effective HR planning is like a ladder to ensure the success of a complex project, particularly which has HR considerations. The Resource-Based View (RBV) of the Firm The resource-based view (RBV) is an approach that considers resources as the key to superior organizational performance. As pet the RBV approach, it is necessary for companies to look inside and find sources of competitive advantage, rather than looking outside. The supporters of resource-based view of SHRM argue that human resources are a sparse, precious, organization-specific and difficult-to-imitate resource or strategic asset for companies (Colbert, 2004). RBV gives emphasis to the fact that it is the assortment and exploitation of an organizations resources, including human resources that give an organization its source of competitive advantage and its uniqueness. Therefore, the RBV considers the HR function in an organization as the chief strategic player in creating sustainable competitive advantage and the human resources of an organization as the chief assets for maintaining sustainable competitive advantage (Barney, 1991). It is notable that RBV emphasizes and directs effective HR planning. This is because it suggests that to make sure that human resources or HR function generate sustainable competitive advantage, firms need to guarantee that they are organized so that they can capitalize on their human resources. This demands focusing on horizontal integration, or incorporated, logical systems of HR practices, instead of individual practices, that allow employees to attain their potential at fullest (Barney, 2001). For this organizations needs to make sure that their HR practices and policies are coherent and coordinated, rather than being contradictory from other organizational practices. In this manner, RBV guides in effective HR planning because it helps organizations to focus on their human resources and consider them as a significant part of their planning and implementation process (Conner, 1991). The powerful and clear connection to the RBV serves the SHRM field in twofold manner; it forefronts the role of human resources in questions of strategy by enhancing the significance of research and practice in SHRM, and secondly it persuades a more specific focus for HRM. The RBV is of pertinence because it encourages the fact that human resources should not be considered as the core of every strategic move in an organization, but along with it is also essential to clearly state their duties in the HR plan of the organization (Grant, 1991). RBV supports that an organization should utilizes its human resources effectively for attaining objectives and the HR plan helps in the effective utilization of human resources by assessing and recruiting skilled personnel and addressing the manpower requirements of a firm. With reference to large scale, complex projects, it is noteworthy that if the project managers should have consider internal resources crucial along with the external forces it becomes difficult to manage the project in an effective manner and yield outcomes within specified timeframe (Helfat and Peteraf, 2003). Since, the RBV emphasizes on the role of human capital for attaining competitive advantage, it ultimately points towards the role of HR planning. Moreover, it is substantial to note that there has been a lack of skilled, qualified and talented human resources for projects and organizations, and HR planning helps in dealing with this scarcity of human resources ensuring adequate supply of manpower, ensuring their appropriate usage, assessing any surplus or shortage and forecasting future requirements (Aslam, et al., 2013). Conclusion To conclude, it can be stated that in the current report it has been argued that human resource (HR) planning is crucial for the successful complexion of large scale, complex projects, especially where political considerations exist. It has been stated that HR planning covers numerous vital goals and responsibilities, including appointing talented staff, managing payroll and employee policies along with employee training programs and so on. An HR plan helps in addressing both the tactical and strategic requirements of a large scale complex project. In order to emphasize the significance of HR planning in large scale, complex projects where political considerations exists, the example of Queensland Railway has been used. In this project, required project outcomes could not be attained because of ineffective HR planning that lead to lack of drivers availability at the right time. Moreover, the report has also included the Resource Based View (RBV), which also emphasizes on the role of internal resources, especially human resources for attaining sustainable competitive advantage. Overall, it has been argued in the paper that human resources are the strategic assets and HR planning is the strategic function and both holds enormous importance in large scale, complex projects, especially where political considerations exist. References ABC News 2016, Queensland Rail disruptions: Annastacia Palaszczuk 'furious' over 100 cancelled trains in Brisbane, [Online]. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-10-23/annastacia-palaszczuk-furious-over-queensland-rail-disruptions/7957862 [Accessed on: 25 March 2017]. Armstrong, M 2006, A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. ed.10th. London: Kogan Page. Aslam, HA, Aslam, M, Ali, N, Habib, B, and Jabeen, M Human Resource Planning Practice in Managing Human Resource: A Literature Review, International Journal of Human Resource Studies,3 (1), pp. 200-212. Barney, J B 1991, Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage, Journal of Management, 17 (1), pp.99-120. Barney, J B 2001, Is the Resource-Based view a Useful Perspective for Strategic Management Research? Yes, Academy of Management Review, 26 (1), pp.41-56. Bernadin, HJ 2007, Human Resource Management. Berkshire: Mc Graw Hil. Colbert, BA 2004, The Complex Resource-Based View: Implications For Theory And practice In Strategic Human resource Management, Academy of Management Review, 29 (3), pp. 34135. Conner, KR 1991, A Historical Comparison of Resource-Based Theory and Five Schools of Thought within Industrial Organization Economics: Do We Have a New Theory of the Firm? Journal of Management, 17, pp.97-108. Grant, RM 1991, The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formation, California Management Review, 33 (3), pp.114-35. Helfat, CE and Peteraf, MA 2003, The Dynamic-Resource-Based View: Capability Lifecycle, Strategic Management Journal, 24 pp.997-1010. Loosemore, M, Dainty, A and Lingard, H 2003, Human Resource Management in Construction Projects: Strategic and Operational Approaches. London: Taylor Francis. Mathis, RL and Jackson, JH 2010, Human Resource Management. Cengage Learning. Paauwe, J 2004, HRM and Performance: Achieving Long-term Viability. Oxford University Press. Storey, J 2007, Human Resource Management: A Critical Text. London: Thomson. Weatherly, L.A 2004, Performance management: Getting it right from the start, SHRM Research Quarterly, 2, pp. 1-10. Wright, P, Gardner, T, Moynihan, L and Allen, M 2005, The relationship between HR practices and firm performance: examining causal order, Personnel Psychology Journal 58(2), pp. 409-446.

Things They Carried By O`Briens Essays - The Things They Carried

Things They Carried By O`Briens In Timothy O'Brien's novel, The Things They Carried, a number of insightful themes are forwarded by the author. One theme in particular interests me the most; the subject area is how people handle their emotions through the avoidance or distortion of reality. Specifically, throughout the novel a number of characters respond to the emotionally charged realities they are confronted with in one of two major ways, distortion or escapism. This pattern, shown throughout the novel, surveys one manner in which humans approach the rough emotions they carry with them throughout their life. To support this thesis I will analyze a number of character's responses to emotional stressors and compare them against my claims of escape and distortion reactions. I have identified two major ways the characters I analyze respond to their realities in this novel, distortion and escapism. When I identify something as distortion, I intend to imply that the characters take the edge off of the reality of their situations by making the events they encounter seem less real. Examples of such behavior would include finding humor in otherwise horrifying situations or even romanticizing the environment around them to make it seem something different than what it is. The escapist manner of reacting to the intensity of emotions is to distance oneself from the actual events or surrounding. To accomplish this all a character needs to do is to daydream themselves away from the problem or to create alternative realities in their own mind. It is important to establish that O'Brien develops the premise that the emotions and situations these men had to deal with were very intense and traumatic. Beyond the more or less obvious contention that dealing with death and war might be painful, there is textual support that O'Brien is trying to get this message across. On page 20, the narrator says, "They carried all the emotional baggage of men who might die. Grief, terror, love, longing-these were intangibles, but the intangibles had their own mass and specific gravity, they had tangible weight." This analysis sets up textual basis for my theme. If it is true that these soldiers experience (d) tremendous emotions then there is room to analyze how they go about carrying their tangible "emotional baggage." Additionally, it should be noted that the characters I analyze in this paper are only a small representative sample of the larger number of characters who may very well fit my within my thesis statement. It is also noteworthy to mention that how I classify a character in terms of their response to emotional intensity-escape or distortion-is very much a debatable contention. Given that, I do believe, however, that my conclusions will stand on the merit of my analysis. In the first chapter, Timothy O'Brien wastes no time examining one coping mechanism, escapism. Escapism is a rather basic way of handling intense emotions. Timothy O'Brien first introduces a character named Lieutenant Jimmy Cross who exhibits the escapist manner of dealing with his emotions. Jimmy Cross is the Lieutenant of the group of men that this story focuses on. Jimmy Cross is first introduced fantasizing about his love, a girl name Martha. Martha is a student back home in New Jersey and for all intents and purposes does not return Lieutenant Cross's love. On pages 3 and 4, the narrator comments that, "They [the letters] were signed Love, Martha, but Lieutenant Cross understood that Love was only a way of signing and did not mean what he sometimes pretended it meant." Thus, despite the fact that Lieutenant Cross acknowledges that Martha probably does not return his love, he still daydreams about falling in love with Martha and the times they spent together before the war. The somewhat excessive, so it seems to the reader, amount of time Jimmy Cross spends thinking about Martha may indeed be a failure of reading. We ask ourselves why it is that Jimmy Cross spends so much time thinking about Martha? This and other similar questions about the daydreaming provide room for interpretation. This daydreaming of Martha is a way of escaping the intensity of emotion Jimmy Cross has to bear during the war. We find out that in the week before Ted Lavender dies Jimmy Cross daydreams a great deal about Martha. This daydreaming helps to take him away from the intensity of the war. On pages 9 and 10 the narrator describes how Lieutenant Cross would walk along his missions thinking about spending time with Martha. While on tour, Lieutenant Cross once received a pebble in a

Triangles and Polygons on SAT Math Strategies and Practice Questions for Geometry

Triangles and Polygons on SAT Math Strategies and Practice Questions for Geometry SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips 25 to 30% of the SAT math section will involve geometry, and the majority of those questions will deal with polygons in some form or another. Polygons come in many shapes and sizes and you will have to know your way around them with confidence in order to ace those SAT questions on test day. Luckily, despite their variety, polygons are often less complex than they look, and a few simple rules and strategies will have you breezing through those geometry questions in no time. This will be your complete guide to SAT polygons- the rules and formulas for various polygons, the kinds of questions you’ll be asked about them, and the best approach for solving these types of questions. What is a Polygon? Before we talk about polygon formulas, let’s look at what exactly a polygon is. A polygon is any flat, enclosed shape that is made up of straight lines. To be â€Å"enclosed† means that the lines must all connect, and no side of the polygon can be curved. Polygons NOT Polygons Polygons come in two broad categories- regular and irregular. A regular polygon has all equal sides and all equal angles, while irregular polygons do not. Regular Polygons Irregular Polygons (Note: most all of the polygons on the SAT that are made up of five sides or more will be regular polygons, but always double-check this! You will be told in the question whether the shape is "regular" or "irregular.") The different types of polygons are named after their number of sides and angles. A triangle is made of three sides and three angles (â€Å"tri† meaning three), a quadrilateral is made of four sides (â€Å"quad† meaning four), a pentagon is made of five sides (â€Å"penta† meaning five), and so on. Most of the polygons you’ll see on the SAT (though not all) will either be triangles or some sort of quadrilateral. Triangles in all their forms are covered in our complete guide to SAT triangles, so let’s look at the various types of quadrilaterals you’ll see on the test. With polygons, you may notice that many definitions will fit inside other definitions. Quadrilaterals There are many different types of quadrilaterals, most of which are subcategories of one another. Parallelogram A parallelogram is a quadrilateral in which each set of opposite sides is both parallel and congruent (equal) with one another. The length may be different than the width, but both widths will be equal and both lengths will be equal. Parallelograms are peculiar in that their opposite angles will be equal and their adjacent angles will be supplementary (meaning any two adjacent angles will add up to 180 degrees). Rectangle A rectangle is a special kind of parallelogram in which each angle is 90 degrees. The rectangle’s length and width can either be equal or different from one another. Square If a rectangle has an equal length and width, it is called a square. This means that a square is a type of rectangle (which in turn is a type of parallelogram), but NOT all rectangles are squares. Rhombus A rhombus is a type of parallelogram in which all four sides are equal and the angles can be any measure (so long as their adjacents add up to 180 degrees and their opposite angles are equal). Just as a square is a type of rectangle, but not all rectangles are squares, a rhombus is a type of parallelogram (but not all parallelograms are rhombuses). Trapezoid A trapezoid is a quadrilateral that has only one set of parallel sides. The other two sides are non-parallel. Kite A kite is a quadrilateral that has two pairs of equal sides that meet one another. And here come the formulas- mwahaha! Polygon Formulas Though there are many different types of polygons, their rules and formulas build off of a few simple basic ideas. Let’s go through the list. Area Formulas Most polygon questions on the SAT will ask you to find the area or the perimeter of a figure. These will be the most important area formulas for you to remember on the test. Area of a Triangle $$(1/2)bh$$ The area of a triangle will always be half the amount of the base times the height. In a right triangle, the height will be equal to one of the legs. In any other type of triangle, you must drop down your own height, perpendicular from the vertex of the triangle to the base. Area of a Square $$l^2 \or {lw}$$ Because each side of a square is equal, you can find the area by either multiplying the length times the width or simply by squaring one of the sides. Area of a Rectangle $$lw$$ For any rectangle that is not a square, you must always multiply the base times the height to find the area. Area of a Parallelogram $$bh$$ Finding the area of a parallelogram is exactly the same as finding the area of a rectangle. Because a parallelogram may slant to the side, we say we must use its base and its height (instead of its length and width), but the principle is the same. You can see why the two actions are equal if you were to transform your parallelogram into a rectangle by dropping down straight heights and shifting the base. Area of a Trapezoid $$[(l_1+l_2)/2]h$$ In order to find the area of a trapezoid, you must find the average of the two parallel bases and multiply this by the height of the trapezoid. Now let's look at an example: In the figure, WXYZ is a rectangle with $\ov{WA} = \ov{BZ} = 4$. The area of the shaded region is 32. What is the length of $\ov{XY}$? [Note: figure not to scale] A. 6B. 8C. 12D. 16E. 20 First, let us fill in our given information. Our shaded figure is a trapezoid, so let us use the formula for finding the area of a trapezoid. area $=[(l_1+l_2)/2]h$ Now if we call the longest base q, the shortest base will be $q−4−4$, or $q−8$. (Why? Because the shortest leg is equal to the longest leg minus our two given lengths of 4). This means we can now plug in our values for the leg lengths. In addition, we are also given a height and an area, so we can plug all of our values into the formula in order to find the length of our longest side, q. $32=[(q+(q−8))/2]2$ $32=(2q+2q−16)/2$ $64=4q−16$ $80=4q$ $20=q$ The length of $\ov{XY}$ (which we designated $q$) is 20. Our final answer is E, 20. In general, the best way to find the area of different kinds of polygons is to transform the polygon into smaller and more manageable shapes. This will also help you if you forget your formulas come test day. For example, if you forget the formula for the area of a trapezoid, turn your trapezoid into a rectangle and two triangles and find the area for each. Let us look to how to solve the above problem using this method instead. We are told that the area of the trapezoid is 32. We also know that we can find the area of a triangle by using the formula ${1/2}bh$. So let us find the areas for both our triangles. ${1/2}bh$ ${1/2}(4)(2)$ ${1/2}8$ $4$ Each triangle is worth 8, so together, both triangles will be: $4+4$ $8$ Now if we add the area of our triangles to our given area of the trapezoid, we can see that the area of our full rectangle is: $32+8$ $40$ Finally, we know that we find the area of a rectangle by multiplying the length times the width. We have a given width of 2, so the length will be: $40=lw$ $40=2l$ 20=l The length of the rectangle (line $\ov{XY}$) will be 20. Again, our final answer is E, 20. Always remember that there are many different ways to find what you need, so don’t be afraid to use your shortcuts! Whichever solving path you choose depends on how you like to work best. Angle Formulas Whether your polygon is regular or irregular, the sum of its interior degrees will always follow the rules of that particular polygon. Every polygon has a different degree sum, but this sum will be consistent, no matter how irregular the polygon. For example, the interior angles of a triangle will always equal 180 degrees (to see more on this, be sure to check out our guide to SAT triangles), whether the triangle is equilateral (a regular polygon), isosceles, acute, or obtuse. All of these triangles will have a total interior degree measure of 180 degrees. So by that same notion, the interior angles of a quadrilateral- whether kite, square, trapezoid, or other- will always add up to be 360 degrees. Why? Because a quadrilateral is made up of two triangles. For example: One interior angle of a parallelogram is 65 degrees. If the remaining angles have measures of $a$, $b$ and $c$, what is the value of $a+b+c$? All quadrilaterals have an interior degree sum of 360, so: $a+b+c+65=360$ $a+b+c=295$ The sum of $\bi a, \bi b$, and $\bi c$ is 295. Interior Angle Sum You will always be able to find the sum of a polygon’s interior angles in one of two ways- by memorizing the interior angle formula, or by dividing your polygon into a series of triangles. Method 1: Interior Angle Formula $$(n−2)180$$ If you have an $n$ number of sides in your polygon, you can always find the interior degree sum by the formula $(n−2)$ times 180 degrees. If you picture starting from one angle and drawing connecting lines to every other angle to make triangles, you can see why this formula has an $n−2$. The reason being that you cannot make a triangle by using the immediate two connecting sides that make up the angle- each would simply be a straight line. To see this in action, let us look at our second method. Method 2: Dividing Your Polygon Into Triangles The reason the above formula works is because you are essentially dividing your polygon into a series of triangles. Because a triangle is always 180 degrees, you can multiply the number of triangles by 180 to find the interior degree sum of your polygon, whether your polygon is regular or irregular. Individual Interior Angles If your polygon is regular, you will also be able to find the individual degree measure of each interior angle by dividing the degree sum by the number of angles. (Note: $n$ can be used for both the number of sides and the number of angles; the number of sides and angles in a polygon will always be equal.) $${(n−2)180}/n$$ Again, you can choose to either use the formula or the triangle dividing method by dividing your interior sum by the number of angles. Angles, angler fish...same thing, right? Side Formulas As we saw earlier, a regular polygon will have all equal side lengths. And if your polygon is regular, you can find the number of sides by using the reverse of the formula for finding angle measures. A regular polygon with n sides has equal angles of 120 degrees. How many sides does the figure have? 3 4 5 6 7 For this question, it will be quickest for us to use our answers and work backwards in order to find the number of sides in our polygon. (For more on how to use the plugging in answers technique, check out our guide to plugging in answers). Let us start at the middle with answer choice C. We know from our angle formula (or by making triangles out of our polygons) that a five sided figure will have: $(n−2)180$ $(5−2)180$ $(3)180$ $540$ degrees. Or again, you can always find your degree sum by making triangles out of your polygon. This way you will still end up with $(3)180=540$ degrees. Now, we also know that this is a regular polygon, so each interior angle will be this same. This means we can find the individual angles by dividing the total by the number of sides/angles. So let us find the individual degree measures by dividing that sum by the number of angles. $540/5=108$ Answer choice C was too small. And we also know that the more sides a figure has, the larger each individual angle will be. This means we can cross off answer choices A and B (60 degrees and 90 degrees, respectively), as those answers would be even smaller. Now let us try answer choice D. $(n−2)180$ $(6−2)180$ $(4)180$ $720$ Or you could find your internal degree sum by once again making triangles from your polygons. Which would again give you $(4)180=720$ degrees. Now let’s divide the degree sum by the number of sides. $720/6=120$ We have found our answer. The figure has 6 sides. Our final answer is D, 6. Luckily for us, the SAT is predictable. You don't need a psychic to figure out what you're likely to see come test day. Typical Polygon Questions Now that we’ve been through all of our polygon rules and formulas, let’s look at a few different types of polygon questions you’ll see on the SAT. Almost all polygon questions will involve a diagram in some way (especially if the question involves any polygon with four or more sides). The few problems that do not use a diagram will generally be simple word problems involving rectangles. Typically, you will be asked to find one of three things in a polygon question: #1: The measure of an angle (or the sum of two or more angles)#2: The perimeter of a figure#3: The area of a figure Let’s look at a few real SAT math examples of these different types of questions. The Measure of an Angle: Because this hexagon is regular, we can find the degree measure of each of its interior angles. We saw earlier that we can find this degree measure by either using our interior angle formula or by dividing our figure into triangles. A hexagon can be split into 4 triangles, so $180 °*4=720$ degrees. There are 6 interior angles in a hexagon, and in a regular hexagon, these will all be equal. So: $720/6=120$ Now the line BO is at the center of the figure, so it bisects the interior angle CBA. The angle CBA is 120, which means that angle $x$ will be: $120/2=60$ Angle $x$ is 60 degrees. Our final answer is B, 60. The Perimeter of a Figure: We are told that ABCE is a square with the area of 1. We know that we find the area of a square by multiplying the length and the width (or by squaring one side), which means that: $lw=1$ This means that: $l=1$ And, $w=1$ We also know that every side is equal in a square. This means that $\ov{AB}, \ov{BC}, \ov{CE}, and \ov{AE}$ are ALL equal to 1. We are also told that CED is an equilateral triangle, which means that each side length is equal. Since we know that $\ov{CE} = 1$, we know that $\ov{CD}$ and $\ov{DE}$ both equal 1 as well. So the perimeter of the polygon as a whole- which is made of lines $\ov{AB}, \ov{BC}, \ov{CD}, \ov{DE}, and \ov{EA}$- is equal to: $1+1+1+1+1=5$ Our final answer is B, 5. [Note: don't get tricked into picking answer choice C! Even though each line in the figure is worth 1 and there are 6 lines, line $\ov{CE}$ is NOT part of the perimeter. This is an answer choice designed to bait you, so be careful to always answer only what the question asks.) The Area of a Figure: We are told that the length of the rug is 8 feet and that the length is also 2 feet more than the width. This means that the width must be: $8−2=6$ Now we also know that we find the area of a rectangle by multiplying width and length. So: $8*6=48$ The area of the rug is 48 square feet. Our final answer is B, 48. And now time for some practical how-to's, from tying a bow to solving your polygon questions. How to Solve a Polygon Question Now that we’ve seen the typical kinds of questions you’ll be asked on the SAT and gone through the process of finding our answers, we can see that each solving method has a few techniques in common. In order to solve your polygon problems most accurately and efficiently, take note of these strategies: #1: Break up figures into smaller shapes Don’t be afraid to write all over your diagrams. Polygons are complicated figures, so always break them into small pieces when you can. Break them apart into triangles, squares, or rectangles and you’ll be able to solve questions that would be impossible to figure out otherwise. Alternatively, you may need to expand your figures by providing extra lines and creating new shapes in which to break your figure. Just always remember to disregard these false lines when you’re finished with the problem. Because this is an awkward shape, let us create a new line and break the figure into two triangles. Next, let us replace our given information. From our definitions, we know that every triangle will have interior angles that add up to 180 degrees. We also know that the two angles we created will be equal. We can use this information to find the missing, equal, angle measures by subtracting our givens from 180 degrees. $180−30−20−20$ $110$ Now, we can divide that number in half to find the measurement of each of the two equal angles. $110/2$ $55$ Now, we can look at the smaller triangle as its own independent triangle in order to find the measure of angle z. Again, the interior angles will measure out to 180 degrees, so: $180−55−55$ $70$ Angle $z$ is 70 degrees. Our final answer is B, 70. #2: Use your shortcuts If you don’t feel comfortable memorizing formulas or if you are worried about getting them wrong on test day, don’t worry about it! Just understand your shortcuts (for example, remember that all polygons can be broken into triangles) and you’ll do just fine. #3: When possible, use PIA or PIN Because polygons involve a lot of data, it can be very easy to confuse your numbers or lose track of the path you need to go down to solve the problem. For this reason, it can often help you to use either the plugging in answer strategy (PIA) or the plugging in numbers strategy (PIN), even though it can sometimes take longer (for more on this, check out our guides to PIA and PIN). #4: Keep your work organized There is a lot of information to keep track of when working with polygons (especially once you break the figure into smaller shapes). It can be all too easy to lose your place or to mix-up your numbers, so be extra vigilant about your organization and don’t let yourself lose a well-earned point due to careless error. Ready? Test Your Knowledge Now it's time to test your knowledge with real SAT math problems. 1. 2. 3. Answers: D, B, 6.5 Answer Explanations 1. Again, when dealing with polygons, it's useful to break them into smaller pieces. For this trapezoid, let us break the figure into a rectangle and a triangle by dropping down a height at a 90 degree angle. This will give us a rectangle, which means that we will be able to fill in the missing lengths. Now, we can also find the final missing length for the leg of the triangle. Since this is a right triangle, we can use the Pythagorean theorem. $a^2+b^2=c^2$ $x^2+15^2=17^2$ $x^2+225=289$ $x^2=64$ $x=8$ Finally, let us add up all the lines that make up the perimeter of the trapezoid. $17+20+15+20+8$ $80$ Our final answer is D, 80. 2. We are told that the larger polygon has equal sides and equal angles. We can also see that the shaded figure has 4 sides and angles, which means it is a quadrilateral. We know that a quadrilateral has 360 degrees, so let us subtract our givens from 360. $x+y=80$ $360−80=280$ Again, we know that the polygon has all equal angles, so we can find the individual degree measures by dividing this found number in half. $280/2=140$ Each interior angle of the polygon will have 140 degrees. Now, we can find the number of sides by either reversing our polygon side formula or by plugging in answers. Let's look at both methods. Method 1: Formula $${(n−2)180}/n$$ We know that this formula gives us the measure of each interior angle, so let us use the knowledge of our individual interior angle (our found 140 degrees) and plug it in to find n, the number of sides. $140={(n−2)180}/n$ $140n=(n−2)180$ $140n=180n−360$ $−40n=−360$ $n=9$ Our polygon has 9 sides. Our answer is B, 9. Method 2: Plugging in answers We can also use our method of plugging in answers to find the number of sides in our polygon. As always, let us select answer option C. Answer choice C gives us 8 sides. We know that a polygon with eight sides will be broken into 6 triangles. So it will have: $180*6$ $1080$ degrees total Now, if we divide this total by the number of sides, we get: $1080/8$ $135$ Each interior angle will be 135 degrees. This answer is close, but not quite what we want. We also know that the more sides a regular polygon has, the larger each interior angle measure will be (an equilateral triangle's angles are each 60 degrees, a rectangle's angles are each 90 degrees, and so on), so we need to pick a polygon with more than 8 sides. Let us then try answer choice B, 9 sides. We know that a 9-sided polygon will be made from 7 triangles. This means that the total interior degree measure will be: $180*7$ $1260$ And we know that each angle measure will be equal, so: $1260/9$ $140$ We have found our correct answer- a 9-sided polygon will have individual angle measures of 140 degrees. Our final answer is B, nine. 3. Let us begin by breaking up our figure into smaller, more manageable polygons. We know that the larger rectangle will have an area of: $2*1$ $2$ The smaller rectangle will have an area of: $1*x$ $x$ (Note: we are using $x$ in place of one of the smaller sides of the small rectangles, since we do not yet know its length) We are told that the total area is $9/4$, so: $2+x=9/4$ $x=9/4−2$ $x=9/4−8/4$ $x=1/4$ Now that we know the length of x, we can find the perimeter of the whole figure. Let us add all of the lengths of our exposed sides to find our perimeter. $1+2+1+0.25+1+0.25+1$ $6.5$ Our perimeter is $6.5.$ Our final answer is 6.5. I think you deserve a present for pushing through on polygons, don't you? The Take Aways Though polygon questions may seem complicated, all polygons follow just a handful of rules. You may come across irregular polygons and ones with many sides, but the basic strategies and formulas will apply regardless. So long as you follow your solve steps, keep your work well organized, and remember your key definitions, you will be able to take on and solve polygon questions that once seemed utterly obscure. What’s Next? Phew! You knocked out polygons and now it's time to make sure the rest of your math know-how is in top shape. First, make sure you have working knowledge of all the math topics on the SAT so that you can get a sense of your strengths and weaknesses. Next, find more topic-specific SAT math guides like this one so that you can turn those weak areas into strengths. Need to brush up on your probability questions? Fractions and ratios? Lines and angles? No matter what topic you need, we've got you covered. Running out of time on the SAT math? Look to our guide on how to best boost your time (and your score!). Worried about test day? Take a look at how you should prepare for the actual day in question. Want to get a perfect score? 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