Nursing Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing Leadership - Essay Example To for all intents and purposes compute the expense of nursing care, I alluded to an orthopedic unit, which had 12 patients who were at various circumstances and had distinctive sharpness levels. PCS would be determined on the following: To for all intents and purposes ascertain the expense of nursing care, I alluded to an orthopedic unit, which had 12 patients who were at various circumstances and had distinctive sharpness levels. PCS would be determined on the following:â †¢ 4 patients were in a condition to be released and had keenness level 1: 4 X 1= 4.†¢ 4 patients were under treatment and had sharpness level 4: 4 X 4= 16.†¢ 4 patients were under ordinary had sharpness level 2: 4 X 2= 8.This aggregate of 28 hours would be extended by including further 48 hours of a 8-hour move for 8 patients who didn't release in 8 hours which makes a sum of 76 hours. This amazing aggregate of 76 hours can be utilized to decide Full-Time Equivalent (FTE) for a unit.However, thi s equation doesn't give a precise worth since it doesn't have space for fluctuations made by circumstances. For example, if a patient was getting 2 hours and later requests 3 hours because of some vulnerability in patient’s condition. The expense is as yet being assessed for 2 hours and in this way giving 3 hours till the patient get steady. To kill these distinctions, Relative Value Unit as a list number is given to every unit dependent on the measure of assets which can be figured out how to create nursing care. For occasion, $1,250,000 is given to a unit which has all out RVUs of 5,196.50.... 4 patients were under treatment and had keenness level 4: 4 X 4= 16. 4 patients were under ordinary had keenness level 2: 4 X 2= 8. This aggregate of 28 hours would be extended by including further 48 hours of a 8 hour move for 8 patients who didn't release in 8 hours which makes a sum of 76 hours. This great aggregate of 76 hours can be utilized to decide Full Time Equivalent (FTE) for a unit. Be that as it may, this equation doesn't give a precise worth since it doesn't have space for changes made by circumstances. For example if a patient was getting 2 hours and later requests 3 hours because of some vulnerability in patient’s condition. The expense is as yet being assessed for 2 hours and therefore giving 3 hours till the patient get steady. To kill these distinctions, Relative Value Unit as a list number is given to every unit dependent on measure of assets (work and capital) which can be figured out how to create nursing care (Kelly, 2008). For example $1,250,000 is give n to a unit which has all out RVUs of 5,196.50. The sum will be isolated by RVU’s to draw out the expense per RVU. For example $1,250,000/5,196.50 = $ 240.55 per RVU. Therefore the expense of one patient of level 4 sharpness will be $ 240.55 X 4= $962.2 for one day. This recipe of figuring the nursing cost doesn't either gives a precise expense since circumstances can change and can request overabundance assets. Accordingly there is no precise computation framework to perceive definite nursing cost. Everything relies upon the sharpness level which itself isn't sure yet changes as indicated by patients conditions. These outcomes can help plot the nursing care spending which is useful to imagine all pro’s and con’s to later arrangement with the funds emotionally (Kelly, 2008). Dq2#2)

World philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World way of thinking - Essay Example My convictions were bolstered with my encounters with the psychological world, and with the guide of a rich creative mind, I had the option to join the like components to those that I don't by and by understanding. Similarly for what it's worth with the Indians who have faith in reality that the sun lives in the earth, their way of life takes into account the possibility that everything in the Indian world are associated with one another, in â€Å"profound unity,† may it be lifeless or vivify, life is accepted to exist in the embodiment of these things (Momaday, 190). With the sun, the Indians have appended to it a nature that can nearly be human by temperance for its conduct in the sky with which they can some way or another identify with. As Momaday composes, â€Å"the sun-watcher among the Rio Grande Pueblos, whose consecrated undertaking it is to watch, every day, the very purpose of the sun’s development on the horizon, knows in the profundities of his being that the sun is alive and that it is inseparable with the earth, and he alludes to the most remote eastern plateau as â€Å"the sun’s house† (190), the sun-watcher courts the sun which resembles a lady bein g charmed, and the sun being that character is relied upon to go back home. They consider this to be as a reality in light of the fact that the sun experiences changes similarly as an individual would, and seems to move over the sky as would a voyager, and these the Indians take the stand. They consider what they see as basically as what their sight would lead them to comprehend. For what could be more true than to really encounter direct through their own faculties the system of that was around them. Close by the Indians’ adoration to a â€Å"living† sun is their distinctive view of a time allotment. What's more, this assorted idea of time, which is very withdrawn from our Western Industrialized idea of time, holds a component of safeguarding of minutes. What's more, maybe this is vastly improved, talking about regarding

Intro to Fiction A Rioters College Journey

Intro to Fiction A Rioters College Journey One of the major qualifications for writing at  Book Riot is being an avid reader, obviously. Having a college degree, however, is not one. Despite two attempts at it in my twenties, a mountain of college credit, and parallel mountain of student loans, I do not have a college degree. But Im back at it again! Now, in my mid-thirties, Im pursuing a degree in English: Creative Writing. After successfully acing a Shakespeare class last semester, your beardiest Rioter just finished tackling Introduction to Fiction. Yep. Guy who has read at least 50 books a year for three straight years finally got his introduction. Heres how it went. The Awakening by Kate Chopin Believe it or not, I had not read this little gem of early feminism  before. While I loved the concept of a woman (particularly in that time period) going against the grain and finding herself, I really didnt like the book. I can never get on board with adultery and I found the metaphors too heavy-handed. Our reading of Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House in conjunction with The Awakening, however, was much better. Of course, I was a theater major my first time in college and no stranger to Ibsens work. Brave New World by Aldous Huxley Brave New World by Aldous Huxley I first read Huxleys dystopian masterpiece back in high school. At the time, it became my favorite novel. A number of years later, I was troubled by the things that Huxley did not write about. Brave New World uses satire to put traditional families and religion on pedestals by showing a frightening world that lacks both. However, despite the everyone belongs to everyone mentality, there is no homosexuality in Brave New World. Race is barely mentioned. Reading it now, I was disturbed that  Huxley was unable to keep his own biases out of the satire. Inherit the Wind by Jerome Lawrence and Robert Edwin Lee Thats right, a play! I had some familiarity with this work from my time in theater, but Id never read it or seen it performed. If found it fairly typical of plays in that time period, with a great core story and colorful, if overdrawn characters. Its a bit disappointing that there are no great and easily accessible recordings of performances available to watch. I was always taught that plays are meant to be performed and viewed, not read. So there is always something lost with reading from the page. While Inherit the Wind was a pleasant read, its obvious why it is performed far less than The Crucible, another play intended as a commentary on McCarthyism. Arthur Millers work is far more intricate and beautiful. The Known World by Edward P. Jones The Known World by Edward P. Jones How Id never read or even heard of this book is beyond me. Its right up my alley and was a brilliant, beautiful, layered read. Jones use of an omniscient, third-person narrator takes some getting used to, but once I settled in, I couldnt put it down. Jones use of anecdotes as backstories for even the most trivial of characters was particularly charming. I thought he did it specifically with slaves because they were not viewed as people in their own time; Jones wanted the reader to know that each one was a person with their own thoughts, feelings, and stories. I was a little worried about taking an Introduction to Fiction class when fiction was already my favorite thing, but I kept an open mind. The class was filled with bright young minds that made for excellent discussion. I learned very quickly to read slower and with copious sticky notes, because I just cannot bring myself to write in the margins. I learned just how much our life experiences change our views of books (Im twice the age of some students in the class). I also shared a number of suggested readings with the class based on my Book Riot experiences. In the end, I finished with a flourishing final essay examining perspectives in The Known World, Toni Morrisons Beloved, and Harper Lees To Kill a Mockingbird. Oh, and Im rocking a solid A awaiting only the final essay grade. Im bound and determined to make sure this is my last (and highly successful) attempt at college. Stay in school, kids.

Brave New World The Advancement of Science - 1450 Words

Brave New World: The Advancement of Science Christy Campbell Mrs. Doig Eng OAC 2 16 May, 1996 When thinking of progress, most people think of advances in the scientific fields, believing that most discoveries and technologies are beneficial to society. Are these advances as beneficial as most people think? In the novel Brave New World, the author Aldous Huxley, warns readers that scientific advances can be a threat to society. This is particularly evident in the fields of biology, technology and psychology. According to Huxley, The theme of Brave New World is not the advancement of science as such; it is the advancement of science as it affects human individuals(Huxley CLC 79 290). One scientific advance of which Huxley warns†¦show more content†¦Games consist of advanced technological apparatus, and low organization, creating very superficial entertainment. According to Huxley, this frustrates one of humanitys vital needs to be creative. Men no longer amuse themselves creatively but sit passively amused by mechanical devices(Hillegas 115). Among technological advances, one danger Huxley warns of is the advance in pharmacology. In Brave New World, an artificial form of happiness is present in a drug called soma. Soma propels the user into a hallucinatory dream world, pro viding relief from negativity, allowing constant happiness People are rewarded for work by receiving rations of soma. The soma ration varies according to the social classes, with the lowest classes receiving the least, and the highest classes receiving the greatest. Society is conditioned to believe that One cubic centimetre cures ten gloomy sentiments(Huxley Brave New World 53). This reasoning deceives the user into believing that soma is a cure- all remedy. Since soma has no side effects, it can be a threat to society because people may be drugged into a hallucinatory dream world twenty-four hours a day. It could be used as a drug not to escape the pressures of life, but to escape life itself. Similar to biology, technology can be a danger to society if used without regard for the welfare of mankind. Finally, the most dangerous of all scientific advancements Huxley warnsShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Aldous Huxley s Brave New World 1153 Words   |  5 PagesMartin Perez Honors English 4 Mr. Valdez Period.5 March 21 2016 The advancement of science can progress throughout the years, it is the effect that will make a long lasting impression on humanity. In the novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, one sees the dystopian society in which the advancements of science have reigned supremacy over morals and human ethics. By the advancement of science throughout the Brave New World and the way it is implemented in their society one sees the effect on humanRead MoreBrave New World Discussion Questions1321 Words   |  6 PagesBrave New World Discussion Questions Question 1: Each novel immerses us, instantly, into a world that simultaneously is foreign and familiar. Establish the characteristics of the society that the author creates and analyze the intricacies (complexities) of the society being presented. In what ways is it like and unlike our own society? In Aldous Huxley’s science fiction novel Brave New World, a distinct society is illustrated. The author depicts a civilization that is specifically based on severalRead MoreThe Great Depression Of The Brave New World934 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout the Brave New World there were many interesting things that occurred, but would not be acceptable within today s society. As human have become more civilized the evolution of eugenics, economies, and politics recently occurring events could lead one to believe that humans will eventually have a society like the one in Brave New World . The first example is how every country s economy is in some type of national debt. If major economy were to collapses it will cause a rippleRead MoreEssay On Brave New World And Gattaca953 Words   |  4 PagesMedical advancements are very important for extending the quality and quantity of life, however a strong moral compass is needed to make sure, in the name of science, ethical and m oral science are not crossed. Brave New World, written by Aldous Huxley, and the movie Gattaca propose a technologically advanced society that challenges these ethical and moral views. Although Brave New World and Gattaca relate in the aspect of genetic discrimination, they differ in the limits and powers of technologyRead MoreEssay on Huxleys Brave New World1362 Words   |  6 Pageslife. However, it comforted society so much that society started to depend on it too much. By depending on it too much, society allowed technology to replace the use of one’s mind. In Brave New World, Huxley predicts what is happening in today’s world and what will continue happening in the near future. In Huxley’s world, everything is based on technology and the people that live there are pretty much dehumanized. And all of this starts in small test tubes with embryos inside of them. In this societyRead MoreThe Island Of Dr. Moreau, Wells And Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1492 Words   |  6 Pages Science and technological advancement require limits according to H.G. Wells and Aldous Huxley; their respective novels argue that the loss of individuality is inevitable when science attempts to perfect every aspect of society. Technology without laws holds the danger to eliminate individuality and ultimately requires humans to assimilate to a new standard without error and within the bounds of scientific advancement. In H.G. Wells’ novel The Island of Dr. Moreau, Wells argues the influence technologyRead More 1984 And Brave New World Essay566 Words   |  3 Pages Brave New World and 1984nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;As I read Brave New World and 1984, I noticed how some of Aldous Huxley and George Orwell’s prophecies are becoming true. As science and technology progresses, we have the opportunity to alter few aspects of our lives, even though our freedom and privacy may be in jeopardy. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Brave New World, science allows babies to be artificially produced in a laboratory. Nowadays, parentsRead More The Application of Utopia in Brave New World Essay1190 Words   |  5 PagesThe Application of Utopia in Brave New World      Ã‚   Aldous Huxleys Brave New World illustrates the loss of morality when established standards are replaced by amoral criteria.   In his novel, Huxley criticizes the practical applications of Utopia in actual society. Huxleys depiction of love, science, and religion support the ineffectiveness of implementing Utopia in everyday life.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Brave New World, Huxley shows contempt for the human emotion of love.  Read MoreCriticism of Practical Application of Utopia in Brave New World1192 Words   |  5 PagesUtopia in Brave New World Debra Ackerman Mrs. Eileen Waite Criticism of Practical Application of Utopia in Brave New World Aldous Huxleys Brave New World illustrates the loss of morality when established standards are replaced by amoral criteria. In his novel, Huxley criticizes the practical applications of Utopia in actual society. Huxleys depiction of love, science, and religion support the ineffectiveness of implementing Utopia in everyday life. In Brave New World, Huxley showsRead MoreBrave New World Vs. Today Essay717 Words   |  3 Pages Close your eyes and imagine a world free of war, suffering and pain; an environment that provides all the necessary luxuries to maintain eternal happiness; one that is stable, friendly, peaceful and enjoyable. In this world, every inconvenience known to man is rid of. We are no longer affected by disease, aging, heartbreak, depression or loneliness; conformity is at hand and stability is achieved. Now envision a world where there is no love, families do not exist, humans are no longer

Individual Rights Versus Public Order Essay - 1644 Words

The basis of criminal justice in the United States is one founded on both the rights of the individual and the democratic order of the people. Evinced through the myriad forms whereby liberty and equity marry into the mores of society to form the ethos of a people. However, these two systems of justice are rife with conflicts too. With the challenges of determining prevailing worth in public order and individual rights coming down to the best service of justice for society. Bearing a perpetual eye to their manifestations by the truth of how the trade-off between freedom and security, so often proposed so seductively, very often leads to the loss of both (Hitchens, 2003, para. 5). The first inception of individual rights began with the†¦show more content†¦Forced to balance order against rights, the community versus the individual, and private issues as opposed to public ones in each moment on the job. In a race that individual rights often seems to lose without the full support of its people and government behind it as is necessary. Leading to public order, which one could say is simply the absence of disorder in a public place. Demonstrated by the immense amount of time law enforcement officials spend merely maintaining public order as punishment of crimes against such are intended to uphold minimum standards of civility. These crimes are largely considered victimless or consensual crimes, which Siegel (2004) references as crime which [sic] involves acts that interfere with the operations of society and the ability of people to function efficiently. Generally considered as those inclusive of: alcoholism, deviant sex, disorderly conduct, driving while intoxicated, drug offenses, homosexuality, liquor law violations, pornography, precocious sex, prostitution, and public drunkenness (Siegel, 2004). Public order is thus necessary for the simple reason that, if order is not maintained, there will be total chaos. Society would have the freedom to do as they please in public; in turn this would put other citizens in danger. For example, the public order crime of driving while intoxicated, if notShow MoreRelatedIndividual Rights Versus Public Order10036 Words   |  41 PagesIndividual Rights 1 Individual Rights Versus Public Order Individual Rights 2 Public order and individual rights are not new controversy and how, since, Immemorial, governments and individual citizens have had to walk a thin tightrope between the two ideals. This controversy was the catalyst that sparked the first ten amendments of the Constitution that we know as the Bill of RightsRead MoreThe Problem Of Making Unethical Choices938 Words   |  4 Pagesand ‘administrative evil’ (Svara, 2015,p.110) o Systematic corruption occurs when the military system of following orders, apply directly in the public service, forces participants to follow instructions and punished those who resist, even though the instructions is unethical and it means the suffering of some citizens. o Government claimed to have been abide by and maintain law and order, but contradicted by their practices. ï‚ § They unwilling to release a criminal suspect who is a military officer.Read MoreComparing The Crime Control Law Enforcement1218 Words   |  5 PagesWhen comparing the crime control law enforcement approach in contrast to the approach the rights-based approach to law enforcement it is import to the differences in being a crime fighter versus a public servant. The dynamics of each bring uniquely different philosophical objectives and outcomes for the public. What is the primary role of law enforcement? Some would argue combating crime is the primary role. Others would argue providing protection through service is the primary role. In either caseRead MoreWhat Is Economic Freedom?1509 Words   |  7 PagesDelano Roosevelt â€Å"True individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Combine the sayings of these two great men and we get the true essence of what it really means to have economic freedom. In more technical terms, for an indi vidual to have economic freedom is to have complete authority over his/her own property and independence to choose how to produce sell and use your own resources while respecting the others’ right to do the same. In order to truly explain whatRead MorePublic Administration and Ethics Essay677 Words   |  3 PagesPublic Administration amp; Ethics In public administration, decisions are a lot of times made based upon ethical principles, which are the perception of what the general public would agree is correct. This helps keep the administrators ethical because they first must ask themselves if they will be under public scrutiny if they don’t make an ethical decision. Ethics has also placed additional burden on public administrators regarding how they handle their personal lives. When a person entersRead MoreWhat is the Bill of Rights?1440 Words   |  6 PagesThe Bill of Rights Essay â€Å"Rightful liberty is unobstructed action according to our will within limits drawn around us by the equal rights of others.I do not add ‘within the limits of the law because law is often but the tyrants’ will,and always so when it violates the rights of the individual† -Thomas Jefferson. The Constitution was created because of the ineffectiveness of the Articles of Confederation did not simply protecting the rights of the people which the Founding Fathers was concernedRead MoreMarbury v Madison: Judicial Review1185 Words   |  5 Pagesshould this power be used to curtail national legislative power and increase the liberties given to individuals? During the period around the Great Depression, the court dealt with many economic cases regarding these questions, and at first glance, it appears that they did not seem to favor either the government or the individual. Looking closer, however, one sees that the cases that side with the individual struck down legis lation that interfered with the commerce clause or police power. When legislationRead MoreSpecial Bond Between Fellow Police Officers Essay1730 Words   |  7 PagesIt is safe to say that one of the most arduous and taxing, both physically and mentally, occupations in the country right now would be that of a police officer. Just imagine having to witness half of the atrocities these brave men and women must endure through, knowing that to them it is â€Å"just another day at the office.† Unfortunately, police officers are not, by any means, impervious to these scenes and some are even traumatized by it. This is why it is up to their fellow officers, their brothersRead MoreThe Death Of A Pregnant Woman1192 Words   |  5 PagesNatural Rights to Life Committee, 2004). Before the Public Law 108-212 was ever put in place, the unborn child was not recognized as a separate victim when involved in violent acts of crime. As stated before, for years now, many unjust cases in the United States have been brought forth in the fight for the rights of an unborn child to be recognized as a loss of human life. In turn this has led to many cases being unjustified, as many people have put forth the action to fight for the rights of theRead MoreThe Negative Portrayal Of Celebrities1611 Words   |  7 PagesA single photograph - how it is captured, the angle in which it was shot, the context behind it - can alter the perception of reality. One image, if executed maliciously, can create such an intense pernicious effect on the individual photographed, that it can cause undue effects on their reputation, or even psychological state. Celebrities often find themselves victimized by the paparazzi in this way, and breakdowns due to a negative appearance in the spotlight have become prevalent in modern day

Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet Free Essays

â€Å"In time we hate that which we often fear† – William Shakespeare. Shakespeare understood what most do not: the true nature of hatred. Since most people do not realise that their hatred simply masks their fears, they   never confront the real problem. We will write a custom essay sample on Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, hate continues to ruin countries, cities and families. This notion of hatred is never more evident than in Shakespeare’s tragic play, Romeo and Juliet. In this play, the characters’ hatred masks their fear of being powerless and drives them to prove their superiority, but this only causes their destruction. First, characters identify with imaginary labels such as power and courage to mask their self-doubt and to feel belonging. For instance, Tybalt tries to prove his superiority over the Montagues by projecting himself as powerful and socially dominant. When he sees Romeo intruding on the Capulet feast, he insults him as a â€Å"slave† (1.5.54) that he should â€Å"†¦by the stock and honour of [his] kin / To strike him dead [he] holds it not a sin† (1.5.56-58). Tybalt belittles the Montagues as worthless slaves that he should punish and kill without guilt. Therefore, he will rid Verona of their filthiness and prove his social power. Likewise, Sampson pretends to be a courageous warrior to improve his reputation and social standing. To Gregory, Sampson can easily portray himself as â€Å"†¦a tyrant† (1.1.19) that after having â€Å"fought with the men, †¦ will be civil with the maids; / [and] cut off their heads† (1.1.20-21). In short, they use their illusions of power and courage to deceive others and themselves into welcoming and accepting them.However, when humiliated, their illusions are destroyed and their insecurities are threatened to be revealed which leaves them defenceless to exclusion. In fact, when Tybalt is stripped of his power and forced into submission, he runs away ashamed to hide his inferiority. After arguing with Capulet, Tybalt is forced to leave his own banquet which with his â€Å"patience perforce with wilful choler meeting† (1.5.88) makes his â€Å"†¦ flesh tremble† (1.5.89). Tybalt trembles with rage and shame due to his forced submission to Capulet which proves he has no true social power as he must obey orders not command them. Similarly, Sampson quickly shies away from a fight when confronted by the Montague servants to hide his cowardice. Sampson urges Gregory to fight as he â€Å"will [supposedly] back thee† (1.1.35) and to â€Å"take the law on [their] sides, let them begin† (1.1.35) although he proclaimed himself a merciless tyrant. When he is confronted with a fight, Sampson backs away and encourages Gregory to take the lead which proves he is just a narcissistic coward. In other words, when the inferiority and cowardice of characters are exposed, they scramble to hide their true identities.As expected, to regain their lost status, characters resort to aggression to distract others from their vulnerability. For example, Mercutio, feeling offended and disgraced, quickly belittles Tybalt to regain control of the situation and his social power. Angered by Romeo’s â€Å"†¦ calm, dishonourable, vile submission† (3.1.70), Mercutio disgraces Tybalt as a â€Å"rat-catcher† (3.1.72) and challenges him to a fight so â€Å"‘Alla stoccata’ carries it away† (3.1.71). Mercutio challenges Tybalt to a fight so that people will fear him, remember him as a strong, brave fighter and remember Tybalt as a ‘rat-catcher’. In the same manner, Romeo immediately challenges Tybalt to a duel to avenge Mercutio and justify that he caused his death. Romeo decides that someone needs to â€Å"keep [Mercutio] company: / Either thou or [Romeo], or both, must go with him† (3.1.124-125). Romeo, infuriated, allows his emotions to take control and seeks revenge to justify and compensate for his cowardly submission which caused Mercutio’s death. In other words, characters that lose their illusions of power and courage struggle to feel accepted due to their fear of rejection, so they violently and desperately defend themselves.Undoubtedly, they do not achieve their goal of self-redemption and only continue the cycle of hatred which creates a never-ending path of destruction. In fact, Mercutio’s violent attempt to gain social power blinds his reason and brings about his social and physical downfall. After being struck, Mercutio exclaims â€Å"I am hurt† (3.1.86) while his opponent-Tybalt- has â€Å"gone and hath nothing† (3.1.88). Mercutio’s attempt to prove himself powerful ends with his death not Tybalt’s. This proves that aggression is not the solution and only ensures self destruction. In contrast, Romeo’s mother-Lady Montague- pays the consequence of death for Romeo’s rash decisions. Before discovering his dead son, Montague declares: â€Å"†¦my wife is dead tonight / Grief of my son’s exile hath stopp’d her breath† (5.3.210-211). Romeo’s impulsive actions, which lead to his exile, causes his mother’s death which proves that when characters resort to violence, they not only unintentionally destroy themselves but take down others too. In other words, when characters project their self-hate unto others through aggression, they cause their own destruction and collateral damage. How to cite Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, Papers

Internet History Report Essays - ARPANET, Cultural Globalization

Internet History Report The Internet was created in 1969 by scientists working for ARPA. ARPA stands for advanced research projects agency, and was formed to create a network of computers that could save information in the event of a nuclear attack. UCLA, Stanford Research Institute (SRI), UC Santa Barbara (UCSB), and the University of Utah in Salt Lake City were the first ARPANET locations. The ARPANET is what is now called the Internet. The plan was unprecedented: A professor at UCLA, and his small group of graduate students hoped to log onto the Stanford computer and try to send it some data. They would start by typing login, and asking by telephone if the letters appeared on the far-off monitor. On their first attempt, the "L" and "O" were transmitted successfully, but after they typed the letter "G" the system crashed. From 1969 to 1983 a lot of different packet switching schemes were tried and TCP/IP is what grew OUT of ARPANET, not what started ARPANET. During most of the seventies, the protocol was generally referred to as just the Network Control Protocol or NCP. The term Internet was probably first applied to a 1973 research program that culminated in a demonstration system in 1977. It demonstrated networking through various mediums, including satellite, radio, telephone, ethernet, etc. using packet switching. And this formed the roots of the Transmission Control Protocol and Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). But it was not until 1983 that all nodes on ARPANET were required to use TCP/IP to connect to it. Also in 1983, the Department of Defense moved the unclassified portions of the Data Defense Network to create MILLET. Then in January 1983, the ARPA Internet first appears and operation was passed to the Defense Communications Agency. The first operating, non-experimental, real live Internet with a capital network, was a military network with a couple of hundred computers connected to it. Universities and the general public were not welcome on the ARPANET. It was a network for Department of Defense contractors and military sites. Then a group of military contractors with strong ties to business and universities not on the MILLET were constantly in a situation where many of their peers were not on the Net while they were on. They began campaigning for access for other researchers. In 1984 the National Science Foundation established an office for networking. a number of universities and research groups actually did get access to ARPANET. In 1993, Tim Lee created an interface to the World Wide Web he called Mosaic. The NSF actually funded further development of a Macintosh and Microsoft Windows version of Mosaic through a grant to the University. The first Microsoft Windows version appeared about November of 1993. The Mosaic Web Browser put a pretty face on the Internet. You could navigate the World Wide Web by clicking on links with the mouse. More importantly, it allowed users to add players for sound, video clips, or anything else they wanted to add. Today, advanced Mosaic browsers such as Netscape have added other functions quite beyond World Wide Web, including electronic mail. Electronic mail, or E-mail as it is commonly called, was invented by Ray Tomlinson in 1971 as a way of sending messages of the Internet to other users on-line. His program for sending E-mail was called SNDMSG, which stands for send message. Now E-mail has grown so much that next year people will send an estimated 6 trillion messages. A new use for the Internet that is influencing the lives of many Internet users is the creation of E-wrestling leagues. E-wrestling is a type of game in which you create wrestling matches over E-mail. You can challenge other members of your E-fed (a group of members in your league) by posting messages on the message board. The other member will then respond to your challenge by writing back on the message board. If the commissioner approves of the match then he will send an E-mail to the two members telling when the match will take place. There are two ways a commissioner can create matches, depending on the rules of your federation. One way is to write out the entire match. This takes a long time and the results are based on the opinion of the